DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

AND LOGIC GATES

Presented To : Sir sajjad Bhangwar
Group Members
Haseeb illahi (16ME15)
Waseem arain (16ME93)
Shahbaz solangi (16ME23)
 CONTENTS

• Digital to analog converter

• Types of digital to analog converter
• Logic gates
 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS

• a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that

converts a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) performs the reverse function.
• DACs are commonly used in music players to convert digital data streams into
analog audio signals. They are also used in televisions and mobile phones to
convert digital video data into analog video signals which connect to the screen
drivers to display monochrome or color images. These two applications use
DACs at opposite ends of the frequency/resolution trade-off. The audio DAC is a
low-frequency, high-resolution type while the video DAC is a high-frequency low-
to medium-resolution type.
• Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched
components, all but the most specialized DACs are
implemented as integrated circuits (ICs). Discrete DACs would
typically be extremely high speed low resolution power hungry
types, as used in military radar systems.Very high speed test
equipment, especially sampling oscilloscopes, may also use
discrete DACs.
TYPES OF DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

• The pulse-width modulator: where a stable current or

voltage is switched into a low-pass analog filter with a
duration determined by the digital input code. This
technique is often used for electric motor speed control
and dimming LED lamps.
• Oversampling DACs or interpolating DACs: such as
those employing delta-sigma modulation, use a pulse
density conversion technique with oversampling. Speeds
of greater than 100 thousand samples per second (for
example, 192 kHz) and resolutions of 24 bits are
attainable with delta-sigma DACs.
• The binary-weighted DAC: which contains individual electrical
components for each bit of the DAC connected to a summing point,
typically an operational amplifier. Each input in the summing has
powers-of-two values with most current or voltage at the most-
significant bit. These precise voltages or currents sum to the correct
output value. This is one of the fastest conversion methods but
suffers from poor accuracy because of the high precision required
for each individual voltage or current.This type of converter is
usually limited to 8-bit resolution or less
• The successive approximation or cyclic DAC:
which successively constructs the output during
each cycle. Individual bits of the digital input are
processed each cycle until the entire input is
accounted for.
• The thermometer-coded DAC: which contains an equal resistor or
current-source segment for each possible value of DAC output. An
8-bit thermometer DAC would have 255 segments, and a 16-bit
thermometer DAC would have 65,535 segments. This is a fast and
highest precision DAC architecture but at the expense of requiring
many components which, for practical implementations, fabrication
requires high-density IC processes
• Hybrid DACs: which use a combination of the
above techniques in a single converter. Most DAC
integrated circuits are of this type due to the
difficulty of getting low cost, high speed and high
precision in one device
 PERFORMANCE OF DACS
• DACs are very important to system performance. The most important characteristics of
these devices are:
• Resolution: The number of possible output levels the DAC is designed to
reproduce. This is usually stated as the number of bits it uses, which is the base
two logarithm of the number of levels. For instance a 1 bit DAC is designed to
reproduce 2 (21) levels while an 8 bit DAC is designed for 256 (28) levels.
Resolution is related to the effective number of bits which is a measurement of
the actual resolution attained by the DAC. Resolution determines color depth in
video applications and audio bit depth in audio applications.
• Maximum sampling rate: A measurement of the
maximum speed at which the DACs circuitry can
operate and still produce the correct output. As
stated above, the Nyquist–Shannon sampling
theorem defines a relationship between this and
the bandwidth of the sampled signal
• Monotonicity: The ability of a DAC's analog output to
move only in the direction that the digital input moves (i.e.,
if the input increases, the output doesn't dip before
asserting the correct output.) This characteristic is very
important for DACs used as a low frequency signal source
or as a digitally programmable trim element.
• Total harmonic distortion and noise (THD+N): A measurement of
the distortion and noise introduced to the signal by the DAC. It is
expressed as a percentage of the total power of unwanted harmonic
distortion and noise that accompany the desired signal. This is a
very important DAC characteristic for dynamic and small signal
DAC applications.
• Dynamic range: A measurement of the difference between the
largest and smallest signals the DAC can reproduce expressed in
decibels. This is usually related to resolution and noise floor.
APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

• DACs are used in many digital signal processing applications

and many more applications. Some of the important
applications are discussed below.
• Audio Amplifier: DACs are used to produce DC voltage gain
with Microcontroller commands. Often, the DAC will be
incorporated into an entire audio codec which includes signal
processing features.
• Video Encoder: The video encoder system will process a video
signal and send digital signals to a variety of DACs to produce
analog video signals of various formats, along with optimizing of
output levels. As with audio codecs, these ICs may have integrated
DACs.
• Display Electronics: The graphic controller will typically use a
lookup table to generate data signals sent to a video DAC for
analog outputs such as Red, Green, Blue (RGB) signals to drive a
display.
• Data Acquisition Systems: Data to be measured is digitized by
an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and then sent to a processor.
The data acquisition will also include a process control end, in which
the processor sends feedback data to a DAC for converting to
analog signals.
• Calibration: The DAC provides dynamic calibration for gain and
voltage offset for accuracy in test and measurement systems.
• Motor Control: Many motor controls require voltage control signals,
and a DAC is ideal for this application which may be driven by a
processor or controller.
• Mechanical: A one-bit mechanical actuator assumes two positions:
one when on, another when off. The motion of several one-bit
actuators can be combined and weighted with a whiffletree
mechanism to produce finer steps. The IBM Selectric typewriter
uses such a system.
 LOGIC GATES
• a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a
Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical operation on one
or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output.
• Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or
transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be
constructed using vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays (relay
logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even
mechanical elements.
• A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit.
Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given
moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions
low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The
logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change
often, as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the
low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high state
is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).
• There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and
XNOR.
• The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true,"
the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator. The following
illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic combinations for an AND
gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at
right.) The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is
"false."
 AND Gate

Input 1 Input 2 0utput

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0

1 1 1
• The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves
after the fashion of the logical inclusive "or." The output is
"true" if either or both of the inputs are "true." If both
inputs are "false," then the output is "false."
OR GATE
• The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as
the logical "either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not
both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both
inputs are "false" or if both inputs are "true." Another way
of looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if
the inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are the same.
XOR GATE
• A logical inverter , sometimes called a NOT gate to
differentiate it from other types of electronic
inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses the
logic state.
NOT GATE
• The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed
by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner of the logical
operation "and" followed by negation. The output is
"false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the
output is "true."
NAND GATE
• The NOR gate is a combination OR gate
followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if
both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output
is "false."
NOR GATE
• The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination
XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is
"true" if the inputs are the same, and “false" if the
inputs are different.
XNOR GATE
 USES OF LOGIC GATES
• Digital systems are constructed using these logic gates.
Using the various combinations of these logic gates, the
complex of the complex circuit can be designed to
perform different operations. We can combine an
unlimited number of logic gates in a single chip to perform
such Complex operations.