Control Valves:

Specifications, Sizing & Technologies

Control Valves:
Specifications, Sizing & Technologies

David Kandel
Application Consultant
Belimo
david.kandel@us.Belimo.com
720-354-0591
Agenda

Control Valves: Specification, Sizing and Technologies

• Controlling a Coil
• Ratings and Definitions
• Hydronic Valve Sizing
• Steam Valve Sizing
• Control Valve Technology

© Belimo, 2012
Agenda

Control Valves: Specification, Sizing and Technologies

• Controlling a Coil
• Ratings and Definitions
• Hydronic Valve Sizing
• Steam Valve Sizing
• Control Valve Technology

© Belimo, 2012
Understating Coil Behavior

Coil Performance

Resulting Coil
Output
Coil Power / Flow

ΔT
Valve GPM

BTUh

Flow / Control Signal

Agenda

Control Valves: Specification, Sizing and Technologies

• Controlling a Coil
• Ratings and Definitions
• Hydronic Valve Sizing
• Steam Valve Sizing
• Control Valve Technology

© Belimo, 2012
Valve Specs

• Pressure/Temperature Ratings
• Body Pressure
• Close-Off Pressure
• Close-Off Leakage
• DP
• Temp Ratings
• Valve Flow
• Characterization Curve
• Rangeability/Turndown
• Valve Authority
• Actuation
• Fail Safe
• Normally Open/Normally Closed
Body Pressure

Pressure Vessel Burst Rating

• Measured in psi
• Failure Threshold of the Vessel
Body Pressure

ANSI Body Rating

• Relationship between
Pressure and
Temperature
Close-Off Pressure

P1

The maximum pressure that a valve can withstand without leakage while in the
fully closed position.
Close-Off Pressure

Rule of Thumb

• 2-way Valve
• Close-off pressure should at least equal the maximum pressure produced
by the circulating pump
• 3-way Valve
• Close-off pressure should at least equal the system differential pressure
Close-Off Pressure

Close-Off Leakage

Bubble Tight is not an ANSI rating.

Bubble Tight implies No water leakage.
 Pressure Drop

P1 P2

The maximum allowable pressure differential that a fully open

valve can withstand without damaging the internals of the valve.
Temperature Ratings

• Media Temperature (hydronic)

• Acceptable fluid temperature range
• Media Temperature (steam)
• Commonly measured in lbs of steam
• Ambient Temperature
• Usually an actuator rating
Characterization Curves

• Equal Percentage
• Linear
• Quick Opening
• Modified Equal Percentage

Flow
• Varies
Modulating
2 Position
based
control
Control
on design
of Steam
a Coil
•Coil
CCV,
Zone
Butterfly
or Bypass
Valves
PI-Valves,
Valves,
Applications
Globe
others Valve
• ePIV, Globe Valves
Valve Position
Rangeability & Turndown

Rangeability:
The ratio of maximum flow to minimum controllable flow
of a valve body only under laboratory conditions with a
constant differential pressure applied across the valve.

Turndown Ratio:
The ratio of maximum usable flow to minimum
controllable flow of the valve assembly under installed
conditions. It is always lower than the rangeability
factor.
Agenda

Control Valves: Specification, Sizing and Technologies

• Controlling a Coil
• Ratings and Definitions
• Hydronic Valve Sizing
• Steam Valve Sizing
• Control Valve Technology

© Belimo, 2012
Flow Coefficient

FLOW COEFFICIENT (Cv) is the quantity of water in gpm at

60 DegF that flows through an open valve with a pressure
drop of 1psi.

gpm
Cv 
P
Hydronic Valve Sizing

gpm 8 8
Cv  Cv   4
P 4 2
Example:
• Coil Requires 8 GPM
• Design DP for valve, 4 psi
• DP of Valve not to exceed 5
psi
Hydronic Valve Sizing

8 8
Cv   4
4 2

Example:
• Coil Requires 8 GPM
• Design DP for valve, 4 psi
• DP of Valve not to exceed 5
psi
Hydronic Valve Sizing

Checking DP
2
 GPM 
P   
 Cv 

Example:
• Coil Requires 8 GPM
• Design DP for valve, 4 psi
• DP of Valve not to exceed 5
psi
Hydronic Valve Sizing

Checking DP
2
 GPM 
P   
 Cv 
2
8
P     7.1 psi
3
2
 8 
P     2.9 psi
 4.7 
Hydronic Valve Sizing

Checking DP
2
 GPM 
P   
 Cv 
Which should we select? 2
8
And Why? P     7.1 psi
3
2
 8 
P     2.9 psi
 4.7 
 Valve Authority

pvalve
A
pbranch

pvalve
Balance
Coil Valve
Flow (%)

pBranch
Valve Opening (%)

24
 Valve Authority

8
2 pvalve
P     7.1 psi A
3 pbranch
2
 8 
P     2.9 psi
 4.7  pvalve
Balance
Coil Valve

pvalve (7.1 psi )

A  0.54
pbranch (4  7.1  2 psi )

pvalve (2.9 psi ) pBranch

A  0.22
pbranch (4  2.9  6.2 psi )
 Valve Authority

Valve Authority Distortion

100

90

Flow / Coil Output (%)

80

70

60

50
Flow (%)

40 0.2

30
1
20

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Valve Opening (%) Valve Opening (%)

26
Hydronic Valve Sizing

Rules of Thumb

Differential Pressure Across the Valve

• Should be greater than coil DP
• Valve Authority > 0.4
• Typically between 3psi - 5psi for modulating
• Typically about 1 psi for on/off
Pipe Reduction Factor

½" valve in a ½" pipe with a Cv tested at 10

Same ½" valve in a 1" pipe will test at Cv = 6.3

Pipe Reduction Factor

1
Fp 
    d 2   
 1  1.51 -     
    D    C  2
2

   v
 2
 890  d 
 
  C vc  Fp  C v
Fp  pipe geometry factor
C v  rated sizing coefficien t without reducers
d  nominal valve size (in.)
D  inside diamter of the pipe (in.)
C vc  corrected C v
Pipe Reduction Factor

Only for Valves with High Cv relative to line size

Pipe Reduction Factor

Rules of Thumb

Choosing Valves Smaller than Line size

• The control valve shall be no less than ½ the pipe
size…
• However, it’s best to keep the valve size reduction
no greater than 2 pipe sizes.
• Large pipe reductions can increase the
effects of cavitation
Piping Considerations

• Which is Correct?

And

• Why is it Correct?

Template day month year

32
Agenda

Control Valves: Specification, Sizing and Technologies

• Controlling a Coil
• Ratings and Definitions
• Hydronic Valve Sizing
• Steam Valve Sizing
• Control Valve Technology

© Belimo, 2012
Steam Valve Sizing
Low Pressure Steam (under 15psi)

Cv = Flow Coefficient
Q Q = lbs per hour of steam
Cv 
3 * P  Po ΔP = Differential Pressure in psig
Po = Outlet Pressure in psia
(psia = psig + 14.7)

ΔP = 80% inlet gauge pressure (psig)

Steam Valve Sizing
Low Pressure Steam (under 15psi) Example: Size a modulating
control valve for 160 lb/hr with
a 5 psig steam supply.

Q
Cv 
3 * P  P 2 

P  5  0.8  4 P2  5 - 4  14.7  15.7

160 160
Cv    6.73
3 * 4 15.7 23.774
Steam Valve Sizing
More than 15psi

Cv = Flow Coefficient
Q
Cv  Q = lbs per hour of steam
3 * P  Po ΔP = Differential Pressure in psia
Po = Outlet Pressure in psia
(psia = psig + 14.7)

ΔP =
42% absolute inlet pressure (psia)
Steam Valve Sizing
More than 15psi Example: Size modulating
1/3-2/3 valves for a heat
exchanger with a design
flow of 600 lb/hr at 30
Q
Cv  psig.

3 * P  Po

P  30  14.7 0.42  18.8

Po  30  14.7 18.8  25.9

Steam Valve Sizing
More than 15psi Example: Size modulating
1/3-2/3 valves for a heat
exchanger with a design
flow of 600 lb/hr at 30
psig.

200 200
1/3rd: Cv    3.02
3 * 18.8  25.9 66.2

400 400
2/3rd: Cv    6.04
3 * 18.8  25.9 66.2
1/3-2/3 Valve Sequencing

Open

Closed
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Control Signal

2/3 valve

1/3 valve
Agenda

Control Valves: Specification, Sizing and Technologies

• Controlling a Coil
• Ratings and Definitions
• Hydronic Valve Sizing
• Steam Valve Sizing
• Control Valve Technology

© Belimo, 2012
Control Valve Technologies
CCV

Characterized Control Valves

• Ball Valve (rotary action)
• Characterizing Disc
CCV
CCV

2-way
CCV

3-way (Mixing or Diverting)

CCV

Valve Summary
• Pros • Applications
• Inexpensive • Hot & chilled water coils
• Equal Percentage (for air handling units)
Characteristic • Unit ventilators
• High Close Off • Fan coils
• Large Range of Cv • VAV units
• Cons
• Hot and Chilled Water with
Glycol Only
Globe Valves

Globe Valves
• Linear Action
• Plug Design
Globe Valves

Close-Off Pressure
• Close-Off Rating Determined by Force
Applied to Stem
• Close-Off is Actuator Dependent

Pd

Pu
Globe Valves

3-way Mixing
Globe Valves

3-way Mixing
Globe Valves

3-way Diverting
Globe Valves

3-way Diverting
Globe Valves

Valve Summary

• Pros • Applications
• Equal Percentage or • Hot & chilled water coils
Linear Characteristic (for air handling units)
• SS Trim works for Steam • Chillers

• Cons
• Expensive
• Large
• 2 Versions of 3-way
• Close off depends on
Actuator
Globe Valves

What is a Pressure Compensated Globe Valve?

Pu

Pd Pd
Pd

Pu
Pu

Holes in Plate
Balance the
Pressure
Globe Valves

Pressure Compensated Close-Off Pressures

Standard Globe Valve Close-Off Ratings
AFX24-MFT 2xAFX24-MFT
G665 2½” 51 psi
G665 2½” 82 psi
G680 3” 34 psi
G680 3” 56 psi
Pressure Compensated GV Close-Off Ratings
AFX24-MFT 2xAFX24-MFT
G665C 2½” 150 psi
G680C 3” 150 psi
G6100C 4” 150 psi
G6125C 5” 150 psi
G6150C 6” 105 psi
Butterfly Valves

Butterfly Valves
• Rotary Action
• Flow Characteristic:
• Modified Equal Percentage
• Rotating Disc and Resilient Seat
Butterfly Valves
Butterfly Valves

3-Way Butterfly Valves

• 2 Valves linked on a Tee
• Mixing or Diverting
• 1 or 2 Actuators
Butterfly Valves

3-Way Butterfly Valves

• 2 Valves linked on a Tee
• Mixing or Diverting
• 1 or 2 Actuators
Butterfly Valves

Sizing a BFV: Velocity

• 12 ft/sec in Standard BFV

• 32 ft/sec in High Performance BFV
Butterfly Valves

Valve Summary

• Pros • Applications
• Up to 30” • Chiller and Cooling Tower
• Inexpensive Isolation
• High Close-Off • Change Over Systems
• SS and HP Available • Large Air Handlers
• Cons • Bypass Controls
• Modified Eq %
• High Cv Relative to Size
• Velocity Limitations
V-Ball (Segmented Ball Valve)

V-Ball Valves
• For Extreme Conditions
• 400F Water
• 250 PSI Steam
• 150 PSI Close-off
• Controls
• Equal Percent Flow Characteristic
• 300:1 Rangeability
V-Ball (Segmented Ball Valve)

V-Ball Valves
• Rotatory Valve
• Single seat
• Partial Ball reduced torque requirement
V-Ball (Segmented Ball Valve)

Valve Summary

• Pros • Applications
• For extreme applications • Hot & chilled water coils
• High Temp Water (for air handling units)
• High Pressure Steam • Chillers
• High rangeability

• Cons
• Expensive
• Limited sizes and Cv
• Large (heavy)
Zone Valves

Zone Valves
• Inexpensive
• 2 Position
• Spring Return
• “Paddle” Design
Zone Valves

2-Way 3-Way Diverting

Zone Valves

Valve Summary

• Pros • Applications
• Cheap • Baseboards
• Fail Safe • Low Flow needing 2
• Cons position, fail safe
• Cheap
• 2 Position Only
• Low Close-Off
Pressure Independent Valves

Pressure Independent Control Valves

2-way valve that supplies a specific flow for each value of the control signal –
– Regardless of pressure variations in the system

Pressure
PI Valve
Flow
Pressure Independent

Technologies

Mechanical Regulator Electronic Flow Meter

Pressure Independent Valves
Valve Summary

• Pros • Applications
• Accurate Flow Regardless of • Hot & chilled water coils
Pressure Conditions (for air handling units)
• Increased Water-side DT • Unit ventilators
• Reduced Pump Energy • Fan coils
Usage • VAV units
• Valve Authority = 1.0
• Eliminates need of
Automatic Balancing Valves
• Cons
• Higher Initial Cost
Control Valves:
Specifications, Sizing & Technologies

Questions?