Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Fred E. Jandt
Components of communication
• Source
• Encoding
• Message
• Channel
• Noise
• Receiver
• Decoding
• Receiver response
• Feedback
• Context
Source
• The person with an idea he/she desires to
communicate.
Encoding
• The process of putting an idea into a
symbol.
• As humans are not able to share thoughts
directly, communication is in the form of a
symbol representing the idea someone
wants to communicate.
Message
• The encoded thought.
• If the encoding is the process, the
message is the resulting object.
Channel
• The means by which the encoded
message is transmitted.
• Medium-Media
• Print, electronic, light or sound waves,
face-to-face.
Noise
• Anything that distorts the message the
source encodes.
– External: sights, sounds, and other stimuli that
draw one’s attention away from the message.
– Internal: thoughts and feelings that can
interfere with the message.
– “Semantic”: alternative meanings of the
source’s message symbols that can be
distracting.
Receiver
• The person who attends to the message.
– Intentional: the people the source desired to
communicate with;
– Any person who comes upon and attends to
the message.
Decoding
• The opposite process of encoding.
• Assigning meaning to the symbols
received.
Receiver response
• Anything the receiver does after having
attended to and decoded the message.
• Can range from doing nothing to taking
some action or actions that may or may
not be the action desired by the source.
Feedback
• That portion of the receiver response of
which the source has knowledge and to
which the source attends and assigns
meaning.
Context
• The environment in which the
communication takes place and which
helps define the communication.
• The choice of the environment, the
context, helps assign the desired meaning
to the communicated words.
• Culture is also context.
• Every culture has its own
– worldview;
– way of thinking of activity, time, and human
nature;
– way of perceiving the self;
– system of social organization.
Communication Contexts
• International
• Global
• Cross-cultural
• Intercultural
International communication
• The study of the flow of mediated
communication between and among
countries.
• The study of comparative mass
communication systems.
• The study of communication between
national governments.
Global communication
• The study of the transborder transfer of
information, data, opinions, and values by
groups, institutions, and governments, as
well as the issues that arise from the
transfer.
Cross-cultural communication
• Refers to comparing phenomena across
cultures.
Intercultural communication
• Face-to-face interactions among people of
diverse cultures.
• Communication can be very difficult if
source and receiver are in different
contexts and share few symbols.
Intercultural Communication Ethics
• Ethical theories tend to reflect the culture
in which they were produced and present
challenges to intercultural communication
Major Ethical Theories
Western
- Autonomy: being free to act consistent with one’s own
principles;
- Responsibility: accountability for the consequences of
one’s actions, including a failure to act;
- Justice: impartiality; giving each person his/her
legitimate due or portion of the whole;
- Care: partiality to those who cannot protect
themselves and to whom we are in special
relationships.
African
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaS6a
Ay0B5w
• Self-monitoring: using social comparison
information to control and modify your self-
presentation and expressive behaviour.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfguO
TkMZ6s
• Social relaxation: the ability to reveal little
anxiety in communication.
• You must know yourself well and, through
your self-awareness, initiate positive
attitudes.
• To be competent in intercultural
communication, you must express a
friendly personality.
Communication Skills