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An introduction to

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS

Presentation compiled
by……..
Prakhar Bhatnagar
PCB BOARDS
A PCB is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components.
PCBs are inexpensive and highly reliable
What is a PCB?
•Electronic board that connects electronic components.

•Printed Circuit Boards are primarily an insulating material


used as a base, into which conductive strips are printed.

•The base material is generally fiberglass, and the conductive


connections are generally copper and are made through an
etching process.

•The main PCB board is called the motherboard, the smaller


attachment PCB boards are called daughter boards or daughter
cards.
Parts of a PCB
1. Components
2. Pads
3. Traces
4. Vias
5. Top metal layer
6. Bottom metal layer
7. Jumpers
8. Solder mask layer
9. Silkscreen layer
components

•Components are the actual devices used in the circuit which includes
I/O connections.

•I/O ports including power supply connections are also important in the
circuit.

•Components should be placed acc. To their


connections to other components, thermal considerations, mechanical
requirements, as well as signal integrity and rout ability.

•Components which have same connections should be placed in the


same vicinity.

•Components should also be placed on a grid, usually a 100 mil grid, in


order to provide for a symmetric flow of route where tracks and
components are lined up
Pads
•Pads are the locations to which the components connect to i.e. the
components are soldered to the pads on the PCB.

•Pads will connect to traces.

•They have an inner as well as an outer diameter.

•Pads come in all sorts of shapes and sizes.

•Through-hole pads used for leaded components like resistors and


capacitors are round with about a 60 mil inner diameter.

•Dual in-line packages(DIP) componensts like ICs fair better with an oval
shaped through-hole pad, with 60 mils inner dimension a.nd 100 mils outer
dimension.

•Surface mount pads are generally rectangular.


Traces
•Traces connect pads together.

•Traces are essentially the wiring of the PCB.

•These are equivalent to wires for the


conducting signals.

•Traces sometimes connect to vias.

•High current traces should be wide.

•Signal traces are usually narrower than the


power or ground traces.
Vias
•Pad with a plated hole connecting traces from one layer of
board to other layers.

•Some component leads can be used as vias

Top metal layer


•Most of the components reside on the top metal layer.

•Fewer traces are on the top layer.

•Components are soldered to the pads on the Top metal layer


of the PCB.

•Higher circuit densities.


Bottom metal layer
•Few components are on this layer.

•Many traces are on this layer.

•Most of the soldering is done on this layer.

Jumpers
•Often, many signal wires need to exist in too small of a space
and must overlap.

•Running traces on different PCB layer is an option.

•Multilayer PCBs are often expensive.

•Solution: use jumpers


Solder mask
•Protects copper traces on outer layers from corrosion.

•Areas that shouldn’t be soldered may be covered with polymer resist solder
mask coating.

•Designed to keep solder only in certain areas.

•It usually covers everything on PCB, except for pads and TENTING the vias.

•Prevents solder from binding between conductors.

Silkscreen layer
•Printing on the solder mask to designate components.
•Also known as overlay
Top over lay
Bottom over lay
•Readable information about component part numbers and placement.
•Helpful in assembling, servicing and testing the circuit board.
Multilayer design

•Consists more than a top and a bottom layer

•Typically there will be a power plane, ground


plane, top metal layer and a bottom metal layer

•Sometimes signal layers are added as needed.


Physical design issues

1.Component size

2.Heat dissipation

3.Input and output

4.Mounting points
Manufacturing Process……
•Film generation •Shear raw material

The film is generated from the design files Industry standard 0.059” thick, clad
(gerber files) which are sent to the copper panel is used.
manufacturing houses. One film is
generated per layer.
•Drill holes
Using NC machines and carbide drills,
holes are drilled according to the hole
specification sent to the manufacturing
house.
•Electrolus copper •Apply image

Apply thin copper Apply photosensitive dry film to the panel


deposit in hole barrels. and use a light source and the film to
expose the panel.

•Strip and etch

Remove the dry film and then etch the


exposed copper. Tin protects the
copper circuitry from being etched
away.
•Solder mask •Solder coat

Apply a solder mask area to the Apply solder to pads by immersing into
entire board with the exception of tank of solder. Hot air knives level the
solder pads. solder when removed from the tank.

•Silkscreen or nomenclature

Apply white letter marking using screen


printing process.
Grounding and bypassing
•One a multilayer board, one of the layers should be dedicated
ground and all ground signals should have vias into this
ground plane.

•Use bypass caps to smooth out the power spikes by


components that suddenly draw significant current.

•We should use 100nf caps as the norm, with lower


capacitance for higher frequencies, and higher capacitance for
lower frequencies.
LAYER MANAGEMENT
•Viewing all layers in a PCB document at once can quickly get out of
hand.

•In order to aid the designer, CAD tools provide several options for
managing and showing active layers

•One technique is to view the PCB in a draft mode, in this mode


objects are drawn only with their outline

•Another technique is to view them one layer at a time

•Some CAD tools have “see through” mode enabling you to view
multiple layers at the same time

•Finally you can enable/disable each layer


units
•PCBs are primarily designed in imperial
units as opposed to metric units.

•A thousands of an inch is called a mil,


where;
100 mils = 0.1 inch = 2.54 mm

•The reason for using imperial units in


a PCB document is because most of the
components were manufactured according
to imperial pin spacing. This practice
continues even today.
PCB design tools
Express PCB
website: www.expresspcb.com
Platform supported: WINDOWS

Eagle5.10.0
Website: www.cadsoftusa.com
Platform supported: linux, mac, WINDOWS

PCB
Website: pcb.gpleda.org
Platform supported:WINDOWS

Diptrace
Website: www.diptrace.com
Platform supported: WINDOWS

KiCad
Website: kicad.sourceforge.net
Platform supported: linux, WINDOWS and
experimental on mac
References
•www.Wikipedia.org

•www.pcbexpress.com

•www.advanced circuits.com

•August 2010 issue of EFY


Question and queries?

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