LONG SPAN STRUCTURE

ANALYSIS
SUBJECT:-SHELL STRUCTURE
(THIN SHELL STRUCTURE)
PROJECT:-1) TWA TERMINAL AIRPORT
:-2)LIÈGE-GUILLEMINS STATION

PRESENT BY:-NISARG JARIWALA(011)

POOJA JARIWALA(021)
HARSH LAD(027) SEMESTER-V-A
VISHNU KAPADIA(049) INSTITUTE:-RAMAN BHAKTA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
 CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
ARCHITECT,YEAR,DESIGN FEATURES
• OUTDOOR-INDOOR VIEWS(PHOTO GALLERY)
• OVERVIEW AS A SHELL STRUCTURE
LOCATION IN OVERALL PLAN

• SPACES UNDER THE SHELL

• DIVISION
• AREAS
• STRUCTURAL AXIS
• CORE AXIS
 TWA Trans World Airlines TERMINAL AIRPORT
JFK,NEWYORK,UNITED STATES.
• ARCHITECT:-EERO SAARINEN, ALONG WITH KEVIN ROCHE, CESAR
PELLI, EDWARD SAAD, & NORMAN PETTULA.

• COMPLETION:-28 MAY 1962.

• AREA:-71,224 SQ. MT.

• DESIGN FETURES:-PROMINENT WING-SHAPED THIN SHELL

ROOF OVER THE HEAD HOUSE, OR MAIN TERMINAL;

UNUSUAL TUBE-SHAPED RED-CARPETED DEPARTURE-ARRIVAL

CORRIDORS; AND TALL WINDOWS ENABLING EXPANSIVE VIEWS OF
DEPARTING AND ARRIVING JETS.
 TWA AIRPORT AS A SHELL STRUCTURE
• SHELL STRUCTURE:- THIN-SHELL STRUCTURES ARE ALSO CALLED PLATE AND SHELL
STRUCTURES. THEY ARE LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTIONS USING SHELL ELEMENTS. THESE
ELEMENTS, TYPICALLY CURVED, ARE ASSEMBLED TO MAKE LARGE STRUCTURES. TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS INCLUDE AIRCRAFT FUSELAGES, BOAT HULLS, AND THE ROOFS OF LARGE
BUILDINGS.

• SHELL STRUCTURE IN TWA AIRPORT:-

MAIN HEAD ROOM STAYS IN SHELL FROM 1962 TO TODAY.

PHOTO GALLERY
• ELEMENTS OF SHELL:-
• REINFORCED POURED IN PLACE CONCRETE SHELL • DESIGN
• CURVE INSPIRED BY GRAPEFRUIT
• THE DOORS OF THE
• FOUR DIAMOND SHAPED SHELLS SYMETRICAL ON EAST- WEST AXIS TERMINAL WERE CLOSE TO
• ROOF THICKNESS RANGES FROM 170MM TO 1016 MM AT COLUMNS THE STREET, MAKING IT
• ROOF DL =27KN DIFFICULT TO CREATE
• CANTILEVERS EXTEND 24,384 MM~̴25M CENTRALIZED ENTRANCES
AND SECURITY CHECKS.

• IT WAS THE FIRST AIRLINE

TERMINAL TO HAVE A
CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION

• ENABLED AN AREA FROM

WHICH TO WATCH THE
MOVEMENTS OF AIRCRAFT.

• SECOND LEVEL, IN THE

ATTIC ON THE FIRST
 SPACE UNDER THE SHELL
• GALLERY,INTERNATIONAL SPACE LONGUE,AMBASSADOR CLUB,BAR,VIP
LONGUE,SERVICE,COFFEE SHOP,OBSERVATION DECK,INFORMATION AREA
UNDER THE SHELL STRUCTURE WITH HORIZONTAL AXIS LENGTH IS 45MT
AND VERTICAL AXIS LENGTH IS 33MT.

• SPACES UNDER THE

SHELL ARE DIVIDED
IN FOUR QUADRANT
WITH FAR FROM
CENTER AXIS LINE

• SO BASICALLY FORM
IS DIVDED ALONG
SIDE BY SIDE
QUADRANT.
 SPACE UNDER THE SHELL
• GALLERY,INTERNATIONAL SPACE LONGUE,AMBASSADOR CLUB,BAR,VIP
LONGUE,SERVICE,COFFEE SHOP,OBSERVATION DECK,INFORMATION AREA
UNDER THE SHELL STRUCTURE WITH HORIZONTAL AXIS LENGTH IS 45MT
AND VERTICAL AXIS LENGTH IS 33MT.

• SPACES UNDER THE

SHELL ARE DIVIDED
IN FOUR QUADRANT
WITH FAR FROM
CENTER AXIS LINE

• SO BASICALLY FORM
IS DIVDED ALONG
SIDE BY SIDE
QUADRANT.
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• INSPIRED BY THE GOTHIC VAULTS AND CENTRALISED RIBBED PATTERN TO HOUSE AN AREA
WITHOUT COLUMNS THAT ALLOWS FOR VARIOUS SERVICES.
• CENTRALISED RIBBED PATTERN AND GOTHIC VAULTS ARE USED FOR DIVIDE LOAD
CENTER TO CORNERS OR JOINTS.
FLUIDITY AND SINGLE FLOW OF STRUCTURE HELPS TO MAKE ONE FLOW OF LOAD
TRANSFER SYSTEM
• ALTHOUGH THE
STRUCTURE APPEARS 2.5MT.-1MT
TO BE A SCULPTURAL
PIECE OF CONCRETE
IS REINFORCED INSIDE
BY AN INVISIBLE
NETWORK OF STEEL,
A KIND OF “INVISIBLE
STEEL HAMMOCK”
THAT SUPPORTS THE
ROOF.

• ALSO RIBBED VAULTS MAKE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

POSSIBLE WITH LIGHTEN EFFECTS.

• THE MARKED AREA ARE MOST STRUCTURAL

RESPONSIBLE ELEMENTS-MASSIVE COLUMNS
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Y COLUMNS:-
• Y-SHAPED COLUMN THAT BECOMES SO PLASTIC AND OTHER BEAMS LEISURELY HOLD RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE FOUR SECTIONS OF THE ROOF, WHILE ALLOWING, THROUGH ITS SEPARATION, THE ZENITH PASSAGE
OF NATURAL LIGHT AND LIGHTEN THE VISUAL WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE.

MASSIVE THICKNESS
AND SLANT WITH OPPOSITE FORCE
DIRECTION

FOUR Y SHAPPED COLUMN WITH

FOUR RIBBED SUPPORTS.

HEIGHT:- 15MT | HP LENGTH:-96MT

THICKNESS:-0.91MT

MASSIVE Y COLUMN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM INCLUDES REINFORCEMENT OF

M30 GRADE CONCRETE WITH HEAVY STEEL BARS.TO SUPPORT LONG SPAN
OF SHELL WITH CANTILIVER OF 25MT-25MT ON BOTH SIDE.
 ROLE OF Y COLUMNS
• POSITION OF COLUMNS ARE DEFINED WITH MAJOR AND MINOR INTERVALS.
• WITH SITUATIONS OF CARRYING LOAD OF RIBBED GRID DIRECTLY MAKE SYMETRIC SPACES
NOT WITH VISUAL ASPECTS BUT THE QUADRANT OF DIVISIONS.
• THE HIGHLIGHTED PART HAS MORE SPAN WHICH HAS BROAD SPACING IN BETWEEN THE
RIBBED BEAMS.
• SKYLIGHTS STRETCH ACROSS THE SEAMS SEPARATING THE
SHELLS
• EACH SHELL MEETS IN THE CENTER TO SUPPORT EACH
OTHER
• EMPHASIZES THE LINE OF THE ROOF AND SEPARATION OF
THE VAULTS

• THE HIGHLIGHTED PART HAS LESS

SPAN WHICH HAS TWO NARROW
SPACING IN BETWEEN THE RIBBED
BEAMS.
• Y COLUMNS ARE THERE TO SUPPORT FLOWLESS LOAD TRANSFER IN FOUR
SUPPORTS WITH SAME FLOW OF SHELL TO GROUND.

• ALSO THE MASSIVE STRUCTURE HAS SO PLASTICITY DUE TO FORM OF

REINFORCEMENT BARS AND CONCRETE SO WITH STRUCTURAL CONCERNS THEY
ARE ALREDY PRESTRESSED IN OPPOSITE BENDING DIRECTION
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SHELL

LATERAL LOAD ON SHELL LOAD TRANSFER FLOW ON SHELL TO

WIND LOAD RIBBED BEAM TO Y COLUMN TO GROUND
DEAD LOAD
DEAD LOAD
SNOW LOAD

• CONCERN WAS TO AVOID EXCESSIVE THICKNESS IN THE EDGE BEAM THAT WOULD HOLD THE
CANTILEVER.
• THE FORM EVOLVED FROM A SINGLE CONTINUOUS SHELL, SOME SHELLS FASTENED BY LARGE RIBS,
REACHING THE FINAL FORM CONSISTS OF FOUR DISTINCT ARCHES.
• FORMING A KIND OF FOUR-POINTED STAR. THE EDGE BEAM WAS CONFIGURED AS A FORWARD
SLOPE.
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF SHELL
• THE SHELL IS IN SUCH SHAPE THAT LATERAL LOAD FROM VERTICAL AXIS(UP->DN) WILL NEVER MAKE TOO
MUCH STRESSED ON IN BETWEEN PORTION.
• WITH SPECIFIC CORNER DESIGN OF QUADRANT SHELL RESTING ON EACH OTHER ON RIBBED CROSS
SECTIONS.
• REINFORCEMENT OF CURVED SURFACE.
• SHUTTERING OVER THIN CONCRETE LAYER
• WITH CURVE UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED GRID IN A SITUATION OF PRETENSION AND PRESTRESSED
TOWARDS OPOSITE DIRECTION OF BENDING.

• THE CONTINUOUS FLOW FROM ONE AREA TO THE OTHER CREATES A

SPACE WITHOUT LIMITS, AN ARCHITECTURE OF FLUIDITY. COLUMNS,
ARCHES AND SILLS ARE COMBINED TO FORM A SINGLE ELEMENT.
 STRUCTURALY STRONG POINTS
(ASSUMPTION)
• THE RIBBED GRID SUPPORT THE SHELL,ONE RESTING ON OTHER.
• THE CENTERALISED POINT IS NOT IN CENTER ACCORDING TO DESIGN
LARGER SPAN HAS CENTER POINT
• SHELL HAS DESIGN AS FLOW OF LOAD TRANSFER DIRECTLY MAKE POINT
TOWARDS RIBBED BEAM AND PRETENSION OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT SO
HOGGING IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT EQUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENTH
WHICH IS FULFILL BY M30 GRADE CONCRETE
• Y MASSIVE COLUMNS ARE THERE IN A FLOW OF OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF
BENDING ALSO HAS INCLINATION TO CREATE OPPOSITE FORCES TO
CREATE EQUILIBRIUM REACTION ON SUPPORTS.
• THICKNESS OF SHELL VARRYING ACCORDING TO DESIGN SUPPORTS LIKE
FOR SUPPORTIVE CANTILIVER ON CURTAIN GLASS SHELL NEAR COLUMN IS
AROUND 150 MM THICK
TYPICAL LATERAL LOAD TRANSFER IN SHELL STRUCTURE.
• FOR LARGE SPAN FRAME STRUCTURE WE HAVE TO MAKE DEFINE PATH OF LOAD
TRANSFER AS WE PUT LOAD ON FRAME STRUCTURE ITS STARTED MAKING PATH ON
INDUVIDIAL MEMBER HORIZONTALLY OR VERTICALLY.
• BEAM HAS UDL PATH DISTRACT BY INBETWEEN SUPPORT MEMBERS OTHER WISE IT
CONTINUES GO FURTHER TO END .WHICH CAN BE PRESENT THERE AS TENSION OR
COMPRESSIVE SUPPORT

• FOR LARGE SPAN SHELL STRUCTURE THERES NO NEED TO DEFINE PATH WITH
INBETWEEN MEMBERS THE FORM OF STRUCTURE ITSELF PART OF FLOW OF LOAD
TRANSFER IT MAKES PATH OF LOAD TRANSFER AS ONE UNIT TO COMBINE BOTH
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LOAD.
• RIB BEAMS ARE THERE TO CREATE TENSION AND THEN LOAD TRANSFER DIRECT TO
MASSIVE VERTICAL SUPPORT
STRUCTURAL DETAIL OF SHELL STRUCTURE:

SHELL STRUCTURE HAS THIN ROOF ALSO

WITH THE PARABOLOID VERTAIX FORM
THE DIAGONAL SPAN SHOULD NOT LESS
THAN 1:15
 Liège-Guillemins station
by Santiago Calatrava
Location: Liège, Belgium
Architect: Santiago Calatrava
Client: SNCB Holding, Infrabel and Euro Liège TGV
Start of Construction: 1996
Opening: September 18, 2009
Function: Train Station
Construction Area: 49.000 m2 (including roads)
Total Area of Glass Roof:33. 000 m2
Materials: Concrete, steel and glass. Floor: Blue limestone.
Total Length of Steel Work Built: 410 m
Total Width of Steel Work Built: 160 m
Maximum Distance Between Supports: 158 m
Total Area of Glass Roof: 33. 000 sqm
• The concept for the design was transparency and an urban
dialog with the city.
• Transparency is translated by the monumental vault,
constructed of glass and steel, with its soaring canopies
extending 145 meters over the five platforms.
Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava has completed a station with a vaulted
glass and steel canopy in Liege, Belgium.
• On the north side of the site is a rundown urban area, laid
out in a typical 19th century scheme.
On the south side, on the slopes of the Cointe Hill, is a less
dense, landscaped residential area. Calatrava’s design
bridges these two areas with a 200 m (656 ft) passenger
terminal, built symmetrically about a northwest-southeast
axis.
• The station is made up of steel and glass which provides
an incredible sense of openness.
• The glass roof arches 115 feet above the tracks which
creates an immediate sense of awe and wonder (Minutillo,
2010).
Main stactural member

RCC COLUMN PROVIDE

Load distribution
bridge

bridge

Plat foam
THANK YOU