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OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course participants will be able to:
Supine:
23% sacro-coccygeal
8% heels
1% occiput; spine
Sitting:
24% ischium
3% elbows
Lateral:
15% trochanter
7% malleolus
6% knee
3% heels
Classification of Pressure Ulcers
STAGE I
STAGE II
STAGE III
STAGE IV
SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE INJURY (DTI)
UNSTAGEABLE
Stage I Pressure Ulcer
Intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area
usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin
may not have visible blanching; its color may differ from the
surrounding area.
Management of Stage- I
Pressure Ulcers
Stage I on Trunk of the Body –
Manage incontinence, keeping area
clean and dry.
Use moisture barrier cream PRN.
Off load area of pressure ulcer with
pressure reducing / distribution surface and
turning and repositioning schedule.
Stage I on Heels –
Ensure that heel(s) are floated at all times
with frequent monitoring.
Stage II Pressure Ulcer
Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open
ulcer with a red pink wound bed, without slough. May also
present as an intact or open/ruptured serum-filled blister.
Management of Stage- II
Pressure Ulcers
Dry Wound Bed
Cleanse with normal saline, apply small amount of hydrogel and
cover with non adherent dressing, change every day.
Off load area of pressure ulcer with pressure reducing /
distribution surfaces and turning and repositioning schedule.
Minimal Drainage
Cleanse with normal saline, apply hydrocolloid dressing every
three days and PRN soiling or dislodging. Monitor placement every
day.
Stage III Pressure Ulcer
Full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but
bone, tendon or muscles are not exposed. Slough may be present
but does not obscure the depth of tissue loss. May include
undermining and tunneling
Management of Stage- III
Pressure Ulcers
Minimal Drainage and Clean Wound Bed
Cleanse with normal saline, apply small amount of hydrogel and cover with
non adherent dressing change every day.
Off load area of pressure ulcer with pressure relieving / distribution surface
and turning and repositioning schedule.
Presence of Slough with drainage
Sharp debridement / Enzymatic debridement
Use Foam or Calcium Alginate dressing for moderate to copious drainage
management.
Slough 30% or less in the wound, negative pressure wound therapy is
preferred treatment.
Stage IV Pressure Ulcer
Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle.
Slough or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound
bed. Often include undermining and tunneling.
Management of Stage- IV
Pressure Ulcers
Minimal Drainage and Clean Wound Bed
Cleanse with normal saline, apply hydrogel and cover with non
adherent dressing change every day.
Off load area of pressure ulcer with pressure relieving surface and
turning and repositioning schedule.
Presence of Slough with drainage
Sharp debridement.
Use Foam or Calcium Alginate dressing for moderate to copious
drainage management.
Slough 30% or less in the wound, negative pressure wound therapy
is preferred treatment.
Tunneling and undermining shall be filled appropriately.
Suspected Deep Tissue Injury
Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled
blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or
shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy,
boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.
Management of Suspected
Deep Tissue Injury
Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered
by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan,
brown or black) in the wound bed. Base of the wound cannot be
visualized.
Management of Un-stageable
Pressure Ulcers
Maximal Remobilization: Passive range of motion, physical therapist (PT) consult to plan
appropriate measures for patient. Spinal Cord Injury and Disorder (SCI&D) patients (or any
patient with custom chairs) are to sit in their own wheelchairs and cushions only.
Protect Heels: Support entire leg with pillows to allow heels to suspend above the mattress
or use heel protectors. Assess heels everyday for signs of pressure. Consider pressure relieving
/ distribution bed surface.
Manage Moisture: Correct cause, (e.g., diarrhea), reduce or eliminate incontinent episodes
(e.g., bladder training); Use mild soap, rinse, and dry skin well and apply moisture barrier
cream. No diapers while patient in bed.
Manage Nutrition: Increase protein intake more than 100% RDA, if not renal or liver
impaired. Dietary consult to determine dietary needs and/or effectiveness of tube feedings.
Reduce Friction and Shear: Use bed trapeze or pull sheet for lifting and moving patient up
in bed. Apply transparent film or hydrocolloid dressing (Duoderm) over friction areas (e.g.,
elbows) Keep the head of the bed less than 30 degrees as often as possible.
Treatment of wounds originally consisted of homemade
remedies and evolved very little for many years.
In 1867, Lister introduced antiseptic dressings by soaking
lint and gauze in carbolic acid.
The main purpose of wound dressings is to provide the
ideal environment for wound healing.
The dressing should facilitate the major changes taking
place during healing to produce an optimally healed
wound.
Table 9-8 Desired Characteristics of Wound Dressings
VigiFOAM
nonbiologic dressings.
augmentation of hemostasis
Disadvantages
Mal-odour
Daily dressing change
Allergic dermatitis.
high cost
need for multiple applications .
Desired Features of Tissue-Engineered Skin