Infants, Children, and Adolescents

Chapter 4

Birth and the

Newborn Baby

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Hello:
I have included these Power Point slides to
summarize the main points ,walk you through the
materials in the book ,and reinforce the key
concepts covered in each chapter.

To pass the tests, you must read the book ;

otherwise the test questions will appear very
confusing to you.

The links to the videos are embedded in the

power point slides! You should proceed through
them as a slide show to view them and not simply
print them out.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
 Important
All of the videos in this course are
posted on the YouTube.com. However,
If you click on the link and it says that
the video is not there or if it has been
removed, Please copy the videos' Title
and paste it in the YouTube’s search box
to find it. 99% of the time it works!

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 The Three Stages of Labor
1- Dilation of Cervix & Baby’s transition to Birth canal
It is the longest stage of labor;
it lasts about 12-14 hours for the 1st baby and 4-6
hours with later births.
2- Delivery of the Baby:
It lasts approximately 50 min for the first baby and
20 minutes for later births.
3- Birth of the Placenta:
It takes about 5-10 minutes
The placenta is the pancake-shaped organ – normally
located near the top of the uterus – that supplies your baby
with nutrients through the umbilical cord.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Three Stages of Labor

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

The APGAR Scale ( 0-2 )
Areas of Evaluations:
Appearance ( Skin color:
Blue, B & Pink; or Pink)
Pulse (<100 beats/min; =1 Or >100=2)
Grimace ( Reflexes)
Activity
Respiration (Breathing)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Apgar Scale:
Two Apgar Scores are given, at 1 and 5 min. after birth

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Approaches To Childbirth
Giving birth at:
Home
Hospital
Birth Centers

Advantages Vs. Disadvantages of each

options

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Elements of Natural, or
Prepared, Childbirth
.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Elements of Natural, or
Prepared, Childbirth
Classes
Relaxation & Breathing Techniques
Labor Coach
– Social Support

Goals of These Classes:

1-Reduce pain & medical intervention
2-Make Childbirth a rewarding experience for
parents.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Other Natural Childbirth
Practices

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Other Natural Childbirth
Practices
Positions for delivery might include sitting upright
or using a birthing stool.

Water births are associated with shorter labors

and a greater likelihood of a medication-free
delivery than other approaches.

North American women choosing home delivery

remains a small percentage

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Medical Interventions
in Childbirth

Fetal Monitoring
Medication
– Anesthetics (Painkillers)
Instruments of Delivery
Induced Labor

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Instrument Delivery

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Cesarean Delivery
Cesarean deliveries were rare 40 years ago, now
they account for 30% of births in North America.

Cesareans are warranted in medical emergencies

such as:
– Medical emergencies for mom or/and the baby
– Infection
– Baby in breech position

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Anoxia
Oxygen deprivation at birth
It Can cause brain damage or later cognitive,
language problems
– Cerebral Palsy (C.P.)

Causes include:
– Squeezing by umbilical cord;
– Placenta abruption (pre-mature separation of
placenta) , placenta previa (placenta covers the
cervical opening);
– Failing to breathe after birth;
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RSD) in preterm infants.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Preventing Brain Cell Death From
Anoxia
Researchers are experimenting with ways
to prevent this secondary damage.
Placing newborn in a “head-cooling” device
shortly after birth for 72 hours substantially
reduced brain injury and increased their
assessment scores.
Pre-cooled water blankets are also being
used to reduce the rates of death and
severe disabilities.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
 Preterm and
Small-for-Date Babies
Preterm Small-for-Date
Born weeks before May be born at due date
or preterm.
their due date.
Has below expected
May have weight for length of
appropriate weight pregnancy.
for length of
pregnancy. Some small-for-date
babies have weakened
abilities to manage
stress.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Low Birth Weight and Disabilities

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Preterm Infants & Interventions
for them

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Preterm Infants
7 days in the womb—from 34 to 35 weeks
can contribute greatly to infant health.

For example, Babies born at 35 weeks show

substantially reduced rates of illness and
lengthy hospital stays compared to those
born at 34 weeks.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Interventions for Preterm Infants
Isolette
Respirator
Feeding tube
Intravenous medication
Special infant stimulation
“Kangaroo” skin-to-skin contact
Parent training in care-giving

Video; 5 min. Preemies in the NICU: How parents can help

http://www.babycenter.com/2_preemies-in-the-nicu-how-parents-can-help_10302236.bc

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Influence of
Intensity of
Early Intervention
for Low-Income,
Preterm Babies
on Intellectual
Functioning
at Age 8

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Health Care for Parents and
Newborn Babies
Infant Mortality: in spite of the most up-to-
date technology in the world, the United
States has made little progress in reducing
infant death-rates. [see the next slide]
Neonatal Mortality:
Low-birth rate is:
 the 2nd highest contributor to infant mortality,
 it is largely preventable.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
 Infant Mortality
Around the World

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Infant Mortality Around the World
Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2008 Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2014

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Health Care Programs and Policies for
Mothers and Newborns
Weak health care programs in the U.S. contribute to
health problems.
Poor or No Paid, job-protected employment leave is
another area where the U.S. lags far behind other
countries. Examples:
In Sweden, parents have the right to paid-birth-leave
of 2 weeks for fathers and 18 months of paid-leave to
share between the parents.
 Even China provides a mother 3 months leave at
regular pay, and
 Germany allows parents to supplement the
standard 3-month paid leave with 2 more years at a flat
rate and a third year at no pay.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Precious Moments After Birth
.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Precious Moments After Birth
Oxytocin causes the breasts to “let down”
milk and heightens the mother’s response
to the baby.

First-time fathers also show hormonal

changes, including an increase in
Prolactin and decrease in Androgens
that are associated with positive emotional
reactions to infants.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
 Newborn Reflexes

Video; 4 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQQ4RnP_X4E

Eye Blink Moro

Withdrawal Palmar Grasp
Rooting Tonic Neck
Sucking Stepping
Swimming Babinski

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Infant States of Arousal
.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Infant States of Arousal
Regular Sleep
Irregular Sleep
Drowsiness
Quiet Alertness
Waking Activity and Crying

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

SIDS is the leading cause of infant mortality

between 1 week and 12 months in
industrialized nations.

Its occurrence tends to peak between 2 and

4 months of age.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 How Can SIDS be Lessened?
Quitting smoking, putting babies to sleep
on their backs, and removing bedclothes
can reduce SIDS incidents.

Pacifiers are another protective measure.

Video: 4 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Iu88-DaH0k

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Any ideas about ways to soothe
a crying Baby ?
.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby
Hold on shoulder and rock or walk
Swaddle
Pacifier
Ride in carriage, car, swing
Combine methods
Let cry for short time

Video: 6 min. How to swaddle a baby

http://www.babycenter.com/2_how-to-swaddle-a-baby_10347122.bc#videoplaylist

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Newborn’s Sensory Capabilities
Touch/ Tactile
Taste & Smell
Hearing
Vision

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Newborn Sense of Touch/
Tactile
Reflexive response to touch on mouth,
palms, soles, genitals

Sensitive to pain
– Pain can affect later behavior
– Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar,
gentle holding

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Newborn Senses of
Taste and Smell

Prefer sweet tastes at birth

Quickly learn to like new tastes
Have odor preferences from birth
Can locate odors and identify mother
by smell from birth

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Newborn Senses of
Taste and Smell
.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Newborn Sense of Hearing

Can hear a wide variety of sounds at

birth
Prefer complex sounds to pure tones
Learn sound patterns
within days
Sensitive to voices and biologically
prepared to learn language

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Newborn Sense of Vision

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Newborn Sense of Vision

Least developed of senses at birth

Unable to see long distances, focus
clearly
Scan environment and try to track
interesting objects
Color vision improves in first two months

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Adjustments to Parenthood
.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Adjustments to Parenthood
Gender roles;
Sharing care-giving predicts greater happiness
and sensitivity to the baby.

Postponing parenthood until the late twenties

or thirties eases the transition.

Adjusting to Second Births:

Fathers must take an even more active role
in parenting.
Both parents must help their first-born child
adjust.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
 Parental Depression and Child
Development
8 to 10% of first-time mothers experience
postpartum depression after the birth of their
baby.
4% of fathers also report depression after the
birth of a child.
Parental depression can have a negative
effect on a child’s world view.
Early treatment is vital.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Changes in the Family System
.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

 Changes in the Family System &
Transition to Parenthood
About 37% of babies in the United States and
Canada are born to single-mother families.

Planned births and adoptions by single 30-to 45-

year-old women are increasing.

Transitioning to Parenthood :
Pre-birth counseling can ease the transition to
parenthood.

High-risk parents struggling with poverty or a baby

with disabilities will benefit from intensive home
interventions.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008