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2. In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered that relative motion between magnetic field
and a conductor induces a voltage in that conductor, casing a current to flow.
4. In 1834, Heinrich Lenz stated the principles that defines how the properties of the
test object are communicated back to the system.
6. In 1879, D.E. Huges, first used the concept of Eddy currents to conduct
metallurgical sorting tests.
History of Eddy Current
Testing
Michael Faraday's
discovery of
electromagnetic
induction in 1831
Definitions:
• Resistance:The opposition of current flow,resulting
in a change of electrical energy into heat or another
form of energy.
• Inductive Reactance:Resistance to AC current flow
resulting from electromagnetic induction in the coil.
• Impedence(Z):The combined opposition to current
flow resulting from inductive reactance and
resistance.
Ohm's Law
R=ρL/A
ρ=Resistivity (Ohm-cm) = 1/σ
σ = Conductivity (mho or % IACS)
Faraday's Law
• Define the flux of the magnetic field through a surface (closed or open)
from:
dS
B B
• Faraday's Law:
d B
E
dt
where, B B.dA
d B
For N loops, E N
dt
Faraday’s Law of Induction
d B E BA cos
d
E
dt dt
• the magnitude of B
• the area enclosed by the loop
• the angle between B and the
normal to the area
• any combination of the above
over time.
Faraday’s Law
Consider the loop shown:
d m d dx
Bl x Bl
dt dt dt
dx
E Blv Bl
dt
d m
Therefore, E
dt
Δφ
Єemf=NΔt
Єemf=Induced emf
N= Number of Turns
Δφ= Change in Flux
Lenz’s Law
N S
Iinduced
V+, V-
After a few seconds, since there is no change in the flux, no current flows.
When the switch is opened again, this time flux decreases, so a current in the
opposite direction will be induced to counter act this decrease.
Resistance vs Reactance
• Resistance is measured in ohms. • Reactance is measured in ohms.
R
R
~Ac Test
l
Coil
XL
XL
2 2 2
R XL Z
Self Induction
Where R is resistance
XL is Reactive Impedance
Z is Impedance
L-R Circuit
Impedance Plane
Voltage Plane
HALL EFFECT: THE DISCOVERY
• Electromagnetic Induction
THANK YOU