Nupecc - Long Range Plan 2010: Working Group 6 Nuclear Physics Tools and Applications

NuPECC – Long Range Plan 2010
Working Group 6
Nuclear Physics Tools and Applications
J. Benlliure (Univ. Santiago de Compostela), A. Boston (University of Liverpool), M.

Durante ( GSI Darmstadt), S. Gammino (INFN-LNS Catania), J. Gomez Camacho
(CNA, Sevilla), M. Huyse (K. U. Leuven), J. Kucera (Nuclear Physics Institute,
Rez), S. Leray (CEA/Irfu) (Convener), L. Sihver (Chalmers University), C.
Trautmann (GSI Darmstadt)
NuPECC: Ph. Chomaz (CEA/Irfu) (SC), E. Nappi (INFN-Bari) (liaison),
With contributions from : A. Aloisio (Università and INFN Napoli), M. Caccia (Università
dell’Insubria and INFN Milano), F. Javier Santos (CNA Sevilla), A. Letourneau (CEA/Irfu), P.A.
Mandò (INFN Florence), G. Pappalardo (INFN-LNS), P. Pelican (Lubljana), M.A. Respaldiza
(CNA, Sevilla), F.P. Romano (INFN-LNS), J.C. Sublet (Culham Centre, UK), M. Toulemonde
(CIMAP, Caen), C. Vockenhuber (ETH, Zurich), M. Winter (IRES, Strasbourg)
01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 1

Importance of NP applications
From the beginning of its history, nuclear physics
always closely tied to applications, in particular
energy and medicine
Marie Curie and her daughter Irène at the Hoogstade The Birth of the Atomic Age was captured by Gary Sheahan to remember Enrico Fermi,
Hospital in Belgium, 1915. Copyright © Association Chicago Pile-1 and the first sustained nuclear chain reaction. Used with permission of the
Curie Joliot-Curie Chicago Historical Society.
Today, both renewed interest for certain applications

and new opportunities provided by advanced NP tools
and techniques
Domains of applications
 Nuclear energy
 Life science and radioprotection
 Environmental and space applications
 Security
 Applications in material science and other
fundamental domains
 Cultural heritage, arts and archaeology
 New frontiers in NP tools (accelerators,
detectors, microelectronics)
Nuclear energy
• Revival of nuclear energy (due to increase in energy

demand, need for CO2-free energies)
 Advanced options for nuclear energy generation
 Next generation fission reactors (Gen-IV)
 inherent safety
 sustainability
 economics
 proliferation resistance
MYRRHA
 Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactors
 Transmutation of nuclear waste in
dedicated systems
 Demonstrator (MYRRHA)
IFMIF
Accelerator Li Target Test Cell
D+ Beam Neutrons
 Fusion reactors
(40 MeV, 2x 125 mA) (~1017n/s)
Li Free
Surface
 ITER, DEMO
10 MW
Specimens
 Material test facility (IFMIF) EMP

Nuclear energy
• The role of nuclear physics
103
 need for accurate nuclear 232

Th(n, )
bdf photons diffusés
bdf radioactivité
coups par bunch

102
data for:
dn/d(lnE)
– Existing reactors (increase of fuel burn- 101
up, life time…) 100

100 101 102 103 104 105 106
– Fast reactors (GenIV) (new materials) energie de neutron (eV)
– ADS (actinide transmutation, HE data…)

– Fusion reactors (activation data, (n,xn)
for n multiplication, tritium breeding….)
Nuclear data and models

– Measurements of cross-sections, characteristics of reaction
products, nuclear structure data ….
– Reaction models for libraries, transport codes
– Integral experiments
Nuclear energy
• The role of nuclear physics

 Methods and tools developed for
nuclear physics
– High-power accelerators, d-t sources….
– Advanced detector systems, electronics, modern
data analysis techniques n_TOF BaF2 calorimeter
important infrastructures:
– n-ToF (CERN) 2nd phase with the construction of the short
flight path
– NFS at SPIRAL2 especially for fusion relevant data
– FAIR/NUSTAR: DESPEC-MATS for structure data, R3B-ELISE
for reaction studies
– HIE-ISOLDE, GANIL for surrogate reactions studies
 Education, training and know-how preservation

Nuclear energy
• Recommendations
Support to small scale facilities and unique
installations
Fundamental studies should be encouraged
Effort on evaluation should be increased and
involvement of theoreticians in nuclear reaction
models development should be encouraged so that
European measurements contribute to European
libraries and transport codes
Improvement of the relations between fundamental
physicists, reactor physicists, theoreticians,
evaluators and end-users (networking)
Coordinated European action for radioactive target
production and handling
Life science
• Increasing use of nuclear physics tools in

medicine, both in diagnostics and therapy
 Radioisotope production
 Particle therapy
 Imaging
 Radioprotection/radiobiology

Life science
 Radioisotope production
– 99Mo/99mTc supply and alternative methods
for 99Mo production
– β+ emitters, metal radionuclides for PET
imaging
– Production in-situ of short lived isotopes
– radiotracers in drug development
role of nuclear physics
– Production of novel radioisotopes: reaction cross-sections,
improved production techniques using e.g. new
radiochemistry schemes, targets sustaining high intensities…
– The very high sensitivity of AMS for 14C detection permits
studies of the metabolism and kinetics of substances labeled
with very small quantities of 14C

Life science
 Particle therapy
– Many proton centers now operating in the
world, more in preparation
– Development of carbon therapy: Heidelberg
(Germany); projects: ETOILE (France), CNAO
(Italy), MedAustron (Austria)

– Precise nuclear data, in particular concerning the
fragmentation process (C and others)
– Appropriate nuclear models and libraries to be used in
treatment planning codes
– Development of cheaper and more compact accelerators
(e.g. plasma-based )

Life science
Imaging
– Macroscopic imaging systems providing
anatomical and physiological information: CT,
MRI….
– Systems providing molecular, functional
information: PET, SPECT…

– High sensitivity detectors (dose reduction)
– In beam PET and SPECT for monitoring of the dose
deposition), combination of several techniques (PET-CT,
SPECT-MRI, PET-MRI…)
– ToF techniques to allow real-time observation of the dose
delivery, reconstruction-visualisation algorithms

Life science
 Radioprotection/radiobiology
– Accurate assessment of doses received
during medical treatment (and more generally
after some exposition)
– Understanding of low dose effects:
bystander/abscopal effects (effects in
cells/organs not directly exposed), hormesis
(low doses protect from high dose
exposure)…

– Nuclear data and reaction models
– Nuclear physics tools (accelerators, isotope labeling, high
sensitivity detectors, underground laboratories….) for
radiobiology studies

Life science
• Recommendations
 Access to beam time and adequate equipment at
NP facilities should be guarantied
Links between fundamental (physics and biology),
applied research and medical centers should be
reinforced
 Research in life science applications helps

improve the perception of NP

Environmental and space applications
• Nuclear physics tools play an important

role in environmental applications
 Climate evolution: measurements of some
radioactive or stable nuclides
– studies of paleoclimate, ocean circulation (129I)
– CO2 exchange between atmosphere and ocean (14C)
– 10Be and 26Al with AMS for estimation of the age
and origin of sediments
 Water and food management
– dating, tracing and source identification for water
resource management, understanding of water cycle
– Sterilization, plant breeding using mutation
techniques
 Pollution control
– Tracing of contaminant in air, water…

• Space applications
 Radiation hazard in space
– Assessing radiation risk of astronauts on low earth orbits (ISS,
space shuttle) or on mission to the Moon or Mars due to Solar
Particle Events and Galactic Cosmic Rays
– Radiation damage to electronics (single-event upset)
 Simulation codes for radiation risk assessment
– Measurement of relevant data (p to Fe induced reactions)
– Development of nuclear reaction models
 Nuclear power sources for satellites and spacecrafts

• Recommendations
 profit from the strong interest in climate change
studies to (re)-build highly trained teams, in
particular in AMS techniques
 support to cross-disciplinary projects

Security
• Nuclear physics methods (both passive and active)

for security applications
 Detection of concealed fissionable or other
radioactive material in airports,
ship containers, trucks….
– Neutron/photon interrogation techniques
– detection of gammas, neutrons, delayed or prompt
identification of Special Nuclear Material: Pu, HEU (235U), 233U
and 237Np and suspicious radionuclides that may be associated
with: 232U, 238U, 241Am
but also of isotopes used in medical or industrial applications
 Detection of explosives
– technology based on neutron bombardment would allow
identifying the elemental composition of items packed in hold
luggage

Security
challenges:
– high intensity portable neutron generator,
– improved spectroscopic gamma-ray scintillators, e.g.
medium energy resolution material such as cadmium zinc
telluride (CZT) and LaBr3 for Eγ up to 3MeV, Ge using gamma
tracking for location of isotopes
– development of improved non flammable neutron
scintillators with digital neutron/gamma separation
– Nuclear data (photonuclear reactions, delayed n and γ)

Security
• Nuclear physics methods for security applications
Non-proliferation control
– Measuring traces of nuclear materials with
AMS, γ-spectrometry (also for accidental
comtamination)
High sensitivity detection methods
– Use of anti-neutrinos to control possible illicit

use of reactors (neutrino spectrum sensitive to
the composition of the fuel (Pu/U))
Depends on the achievable precision on
fission products yields, β-decay
Scheme of the Nucifer detector

Security
• Recommendations
 Further mechanisms need to be established :
– to encourage knowledge transfer between
academic nuclear community and industry
– to protect the investment in training the younger
generation through graduated and post graduate
programmes

Applications in material science and other fundamental domains
• Availability of ion beams of all elements (stable and

radioactive), from KeV to hundreds of GeVs and
advanced detection techniques
new opportunities in materials science,
nanotechnology, planetary and geosciences, plasma
physics…
– Understanding and characterization of material
properties
– Controlled modification and nanostructuring of
materials

• Ion beam analysis and modification with low-

energy beams (< MeV)
characterization of structure properties
(ordering, occurrence of defects….)
analysis of electrical, magnetic and optical
functionalities
 properties can be controlled or modified by ion
implantation
Layers can be grown leading to new properties
at interfaces and surface
 design of hybrid materials e.g. with magnetic
and superconducting properties

• Ion beam analysis and modification with low-energy

beams (< MeV)
Using stable ions

– Nuclear reactions for depth profiling or to analyze light element
concentrations
– Proton induced x- and γ-emission, non-destructive method with a
detection limit ~ 100 ppm
Using radioactive ions (at ISOL facilities e.g. ISOLDE)
– Dynamical properties studied by recording decay of implanted
radioactivity
– Emission channeling: direction of emission sensitive to crystal
structure
Low E, low I  universities, small institutes

• Material modification with high-energy heavy-ions

beams (MeV-GeV)
Material structuring
– adjusting the structuring depth via beam energy, writing
structures with microbeams, placing individual ions at defined
positions
– ion tracks with MeV-GeV HI produces nanopores in membranes
(commercial filters, cell cultivation substrates, synthesis of
nanowires)
Tracks of 100 MeV oxygen ions from linewise Ion-beam produced

(upper pictures) and matrix irradiation nanostructures

• Material modification with high-energy heavy-ions

beams (MeV-GeV)
Materials exposed to radiation
– Characterization and control of material exposed to extreme
radiation environments (high-power accelerators, fission and
fusion reactors)
– response of solids simultaneously exposed to several extreme
conditions such as high pressure, temperature, and HE beams
– exposure to HE ion beams and high pressure important in
geosciences (stability of planetary and geomaterials,
understanding processes in the Earth’s interior)
Samples pressurized between two diamond anvils

up to several tens of GPa irradiated with relativistic
heavy ions of sufficient kinetic energy to pass
through several mm of diamond.

• Recommendations
 fundamental understanding needed to go
beyond today’s “cook and look” approach
promising trends that should be further
promoted providing suitable beams and warranting
sufficiently frequent access to nuclear-physics
dominated facilities
 favour closer interlink between the existing
complementary facilities within Europe (e.g. FP6
ITS LEIF, FP7 SPIRIT)

Cultural heritage, arts and archaeology
• Extensive use of nuclear physics tools (virtually non-
destructive) to obtain information of archaeological and
artistic objects :
in-depth elemental analysis
dating
 Ion beam analysis techniques (IBA)
mainly at AGLAE (Louvre) and LABEC
(Florence)
– external PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission)
– PIGE (Particle-Induced Gamma-Ray Emission)
– high energy resolution detectors. 500
S+Pb(M)
PONT44 - c118v
400 Ca
– Recent developments aiming at determining the

Al
300
Counts
200
100 Si
Na
P
K
depth profile of the sample : confocal PIXE,

Cl
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Energy (keV)
differential PIXE, deep proton activation analysis

Cultural heritage, arts and archaeology
Neutron activation techniques

– Advantages: deep penetration, selective resonant
absorption for specific elements
– Thermal and epithermal beams at some reactors, ISIS,
ESS in the future
– Neutron Resonant Capture Imaging combined with
Neutron Resonance Transmission as a non-invasive
technique for 3D tomographic imaging
 AMS techniques
– Dating with 14C (new simpler, more compact and
cheaper generation developed at ETH Zurich using
multiple ion collisions to destroy molecular
interference)
• Recommendations
 A European network of AMS facilities
 exchange of information between the different fields
New frontiers in Nuclear Physics tools
• Accelerators
 High-power accelerators
– Synergies between fondamental research (SPIRAL2, EURISOL) and
applications: ADS (MYRRHA), spallation sources (ESS), IFMIF…
Planned IFMIF facility

– Already a large European effort
– Further research needed in : fast cycling magnets, beam cooling
devices, highly charged ion sources, high power targets,
superconducting cavities
– Questions about reliability, beam losses still need to be solved

• Accelerators
 Plasma-based accelerators
– May revolutionize the field leading to much
cheaper and compact systems for instance for
hadrontherapy
– Technology not yet mature, questions about
achievable intensities, beam qualities…
 Magnets
– R&D on magnets for accelerators useful for
different industrial and medical application, in
particular for NMR applications One of the first Silicon Photomultipliers
(SiPM) produced by IRST (Trento, Italy)
– To reduce cost, research on high Tc

Iseult magnet (11.7 T) for NEUROPSIN
superconducting materials necessary (e.g. V3Si)
• Detectors
 Advanced γ-ray spectrometers (γ tracking)
– Security, medical applications
 Micro-pattern gas detectors (Micromegas, GEM) Direct beam imaging of a 1.2 MeV
proton beam obtained in Namur,
– High spatial resolution, large area with a CMOS pixel detector
– High rate capabilities, radiation hardness

 3D silicon strip detectors
– Very short collection time, radiation hardness
 Monolithic active pixel sensors
– granularity and spatial resolution at the micron level Principle of GEM detector
– ultra-low material budget

 Silicon photomultipliers
– Possibility of detecting single photons
– expected time resolution at the 100 ps level
new perspectives in different applications, One of the first Silicon Photomultipliers
in particular medical imaging

(SiPM) produced by IRST (Trento,
Italy)

• Electronics
 analogical
– Si-Ge and Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) VLSI technologies
– SOI appealing for the design of monolithic active pixel sensors
(MAPS) detectors
digital
– Last generation FPGAs for transfer of data streams at rates up
to 10 Gbit/s
– perform sophisticated analysis in every node of complicated
systems
FPGA from Xilinx

FAMMAS (CEA/Saclay)

• Recommendations
 common European R&D platforms for accelerators
and detectors
 Research on new materials for high Tc
superconductors should be continued
Research for high-power accelerators: ion sources,
beam dynamics, reliability…
 availability and reliability of low noise and low power
electronics

Summary
 NP finds increasing interest in a large number of

interdisciplinary fields
likely expansion of nuclear energy in the future, issue of
nuclear waste management and perspective of fusion
development of particle therapy, need for more sensitive
imaging techniques for both diagnostics and therapy and
necessity of finding new ways to produce radiopharmaceutical
isotopes
 NP tools extensively used in climate evolution studies and
water resource management, and in archaeology and cultural
heritage applications
 NP involved in assessing radiation hazard in space and in the
growing field of security related applications and non-
proliferation control.

Summary
 Progress in Nuclear Physics tools
Recent sensitivity improvement of the AMS technique has
allowed new progress in nearly all the domains of applications
 availability of ion beams of elements (stable and radioactive),
from KeV to hundreds of GeV, and advanced detection
techniques provide new opportunities in materials science,
nanotechnology, planetary and geosciences, plasma physic
The field of high-intensity accelerators largely benefits from
the synergies between studies for radioactive beam production,
ADS, IFMIF, radiopharmaceutical isotope production, and ESS.
 Research on plasma-based accelerators could lead to the
development of much more compact and cheaper machines
allowing a larger spreading of hadrontherapy
Progress in detector development offers very promising
opportunities in a lot of interdisciplinary domains, in particular
medical imaging

General recommendations
 Numerous applications need more accurate nuclear data and
reaction models in order to complement European data libraries
and/or computer codes
necessity to perform fundamental studies
response to end-user requests
substantial effort should be put on the evaluation process so
that measurements can end up rapidly into European data
libraries
 Measurements of nuclear data and material research requires
targets or samples of high isotopic purity, which may be
radioactive
 Coordination of target production facilities, situation of
radiochemistry, and standardized procedures should be given
sufficient attention and addressed at the European level

General recommendations
Small scale facilities as well as installations at large scale
facilities are unique within Europe
 the support for these application oriented activities should be
enforced
 beam time quota for applied research and/or dedicated
Program Advisory Committees should be considered
to keep the European cutting-edge position it is strongly
recommended to closer interlink the existing complementary
equipments and facilities.
 Networking between fundamental physicists and end-users,
networks of infrastructures (IBA, AMS or high-energy irradiation
facilities), communication with medical doctors, climate
scientists, environmental scientists, archaeologists)
transfer of trained people to nuclear industry, medical centres,
applied research organizations or governmental bodies (as
radioprotection and safety authorities)

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NuPECC – Long Range Plan 2010

J. Benlliure (Univ. Santiago de Compostela), A. Boston (University of Liverpool), M.

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 1

Today, both renewed interest for certain applications

• Revival of nuclear energy (due to increase in energy

Accelerator Li Target Test Cell

 Material test facility (IFMIF) EMP

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 4

 need for accurate nuclear 232

coups par bunch

up, life time…) 100

– Fast reactors (GenIV) (new materials) energie de neutron (eV)

– ADS (actinide transmutation, HE data…)

Nuclear data and models

• The role of nuclear physics

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 6

• Increasing use of nuclear physics tools in

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 8

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 9

role of nuclear physics

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 10

role of nuclear physics

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 11

role of nuclear physics

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 12

 Research in life science applications helps

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 13

• Nuclear physics tools play an important

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 14

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 15

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 16

• Nuclear physics methods (both passive and active)

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 17

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 18

• Nuclear physics methods for security applications

– Use of anti-neutrinos to control possible illicit

Scheme of the Nucifer detector

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 19

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 20

• Availability of ion beams of all elements (stable and

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 21

• Ion beam analysis and modification with low-

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 22

• Ion beam analysis and modification with low-energy

Using stable ions

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 23

• Material modification with high-energy heavy-ions

Tracks of 100 MeV oxygen ions from linewise Ion-beam produced

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 24

• Material modification with high-energy heavy-ions

Samples pressurized between two diamond anvils

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 25

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 26

– Recent developments aiming at determining the

depth profile of the sample : confocal PIXE,

differential PIXE, deep proton activation analysis

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 27

Neutron activation techniques

Planned IFMIF facility

01/06/10 CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 29

– To reduce cost, research on high Tc

– High spatial resolution, large area with a CMOS pixel detector

– High rate capabilities, radiation hardness