Centrifugal Pump Basics

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS BASICS
MEDIUM HEAD SAFETY INJECTION PUMP FOR ACP1000 REACTOR
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Centrifugal pump basics
MHSI for ACP1000
1/ Different types of pumps

- Operation
- Dynamic / Displacement pumps
2/ Centrifugal pumps
- Principle of operation
- Applications
- Configurations
- Standards
3/ Components of a centrifugal pump

- Identification of different components
Agenda
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL 2013 2
MHSI for ACP1000
4/ Forces in a pump
- Pressure
- Hydraulic thrust
5/ Design of centrifugal pumps

- Impellers
- Bearing mechanism
- Static and dynamic seals
- Materials
6/ Drives
- Motor, turbine….
- Coupling
- Universal joint / Belt pulley
Agenda
MHSI for ACP1000
Roles and types of pumps
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
MHSI for ACP1000
Requirement:
Move a liquid from one point to another
Why do we use a pump ?

MHSI for ACP1000
Positive Displacement pumps

Slow speed - constant flow High Rotodynamic pumps
pressure viscous products
Reciprocating Rotary Centrifugal Side chanel

High flow rate
Average pressure
Piston pump Screw pump

Diaphragm pump Gear pump
Valve pump
Peristaltic pump
…
Different types of pumps

MHSI for ACP1000
Positive displacement pump working principle:
 The flow results from the variation of volume occupied by a liquid
 Cyclical movement
 During a cycle, a fixed volume of liquid enters in a compartment before being discharged
Caracteristics:
 Allows the removal of a constant volume of liquid (dosage)
 Ideal for fluids should not be mixed (food: wine, milk…)
 Very well suited for viscous fluids
Different types of pumps

MHSI for ACP1000
Reciprocating piston pump
Flow rate: 200 m3/H

Pressure: > 5000 bars Example: Pump series TX
Viscosity: 1000 CP (Approx)
Positive displacement pumps

MHSI for ACP1000

MHSI for ACP1000

MHSI for ACP1000
Pompe à membrane
Flow rate: 50 m3/H

Pressure: 350 bars plastic membrane
1200 bars metallic membrane
Viscosity: 50000 cP

MHSI for ACP1000
Gamme doseuse
(NOVADOS)
H1

MHSI for ACP1000
Gamme doseuse
(NOVADOS)
H6

MHSI for ACP1000
Gamme doseuse
(NOVADOS double-acting)

MHSI for ACP1000
Gamme Process
(NOVAPLEX)

MHSI for ACP1000
Gamme Process
(NOVAPLEX)

MHSI for ACP1000
Excentric screw rotational pumps
(Moineau or gimlet pump)
Flow rate: < 500 m3/H

Pressure: <60 bars
Viscosity: ?

MHSI for ACP1000
Peristaltic pump Vane pump Gear pump
Flow rate: < 50 m3/H Flow rate: < 100 m3/H Flow rate: 300 m3/H
Pressure: < 15 bars Pressure: 10 bars Pressure: 20 to 30 bars
Viscosity: 60000 cPo Viscosity: 10000 cPo Viscosity: 20000 cPo

MHSI for ACP1000
- Can pump diphasic product ( up to 50% gases per volume)
- Its self-priming ability and its suitability to pump product with a high gase
content guarantee a continious pumping even in case of liquid evaporation,
Side chanel pumps

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019
2013 19
MHSI for ACP1000
Using
A
Transform kinetic energy generated by the motor/engine into pressure

energy generated by the liquid
Centrifugal pumps
MHSI for ACP1000
Working principle:
For the same speed of rotation, the
Carrying a fluid into an longer the water molecule remains in
impeller rotating at high the impeller, the more energy it
speed. accumulates.
This movement creates an energy which will then be canalized
Centrifugal pumps
MHSI for ACP1000
The fluid is guided
to plant piping:
The fluid is channeled

into the pump casing
Finally:
Kinetic energy is transformed into

pressure
Centrifugal pumps
MHSI for ACP1000
Fields of use:
Desalination
WATER
Fire fighting pumps
Pumping stations
Desalination
OIL&GAS Fire fighting

Injection
Export
Transfer Marine
Cracking
Slurry
…
Oil
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Reactor cooling pumps (RCP)
Safety pumps (RISMP – RISBP - EAS)
Charging pumps (RCV)
Emergency Feed Water pumps (EFWS)
… Nuclear energy
Centrifugal pumps
MHSI for ACP1000
Rotodynamic pumps
Centrifugal Side chanel

High flow
Average pressure
Horizontal Vertical
Axial split Radial split
Centrifugal pumps
MHSI for ACP1000
API 610 classification
Classification of centrifugal pumps

MHSI for ACP1000
Overhung (OH2) Between
bearings
(BB2 – BB3)
Vertically suspended
(VS1)
KSMK
SMKX
VBX
DVMX
Classification of centrifugal pumps

MHSI for ACP1000
Components of a centrifugal pump

MHSI for ACP1000
Sectional view of an SMK pump (OH2)
Single stage radial split pump

Overhung impeller
Components of centrifugal pumps

MHSI for ACP1000
Rotor: Impeller
Back shroud Impeller wear rings

Front plate
Pump shaft
Blades
Back impeller wear ring (on hydraulically

balanced impeller – or multistage pumps)
Front impeller wear ring

MHSI for ACP1000
The stator (stationary part):
Cover or stuffing box
Bearing housing
Pump casing

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL 2013
MHSI for ACP1000
Pump casing: Discharge flange
Vent plug
Pump casing, volute
Suction flange
Casing wear rings
Drain plug

MHSI for ACP1000
The pump casing has several roles:
1/ Guiding the fluid through the volute
2/ Resist to the pressure

MHSI for ACP1000
Cover Gland ring
(stuffing box):
Seal sleeve
Flushing
Gland
Gland packing

MHSI for ACP1000
Bearing cover Bearing housing Filling plug
Ball bearing
Bearing cover
Labyrinth ring
Thrower
Shaft Nut and its

Drain plug lockwasher

MHSI for ACP1000
DVDS pump (BB1):
Axial split pump / impeller between bearings

MHSI for ACP1000
DVDS pump (BB1):
Top half casing Radial

Thrust Impeller
bearing
bearing
Gland ring
Mechanical Shaft
Bottom half seal

casing

MHSI for ACP1000
Mechanical
seal
Thrust ball VBX pump:
bearing
Vertical multi-stage pump with or
without barrel
Internal plain
bearing
Shafts
Impellers Diffuser casing
Inducer
Internal plain
bearing

MHSI for ACP1000
Hydraulic forces

MHSI for ACP1000
Pressure increase :
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Pressure distribution and axial thrust
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Axial thrust: back blades
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Axial thrust: balancing holes
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Axial thrust: double suction impeller
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Axial thrust: balancing piston
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Axial thrust of multi-stage pump
Back to back impeller arrangement:
Example: DVMX pump
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Pressure increase in a vertical pump:
Example: VLBXo pump
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Axial thrust:
 Where does it come from?

- From the pressure on the different sections of the impeller shrouds
 Why try to reduce it?

- To avoid having oversized mechanical parts (thrust bearing)
 How do we reduce it?

- By using a double suction impeller
- By using a balancing device
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Radial thrust:
P (Q<QN) P
QN Q
P (Q>QN)
The manufacturer fixes a threshold value of flow below which the lifetime of the
pump is reduced.
When operating with inadequate flow, vibrations and problems in the sealing
systems and bearings may occur.
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Radial thrust:
Double volute
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Radial thrust:
Use of a diffuser
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Radial thrust:
 Where does it come from?

From an unequal pressure distribution around the impeller in the pump volute.
 What are the its effects?

Bending of the shaft which could lead to:
• Rupture due to fatigue
• Excessive wear of bearings
 How to reduce it?

• By operating the pump close to the nominal point.
• By using a double volute or diffuser.
Hydraulic forces
MHSI for ACP1000
Effects of forces on the pump shaft:
Y Reaction rad. A Coupling effort
X Coupling sleeve
Reaction axial. B
Impeller Shaft
Axial thrust
Bearing A
Bearing B
Rotor mass
Reaction rad. B
Radial thrust
Forces in a centrifugal pump

MHSI for ACP1000
Impellers

MHSI for ACP1000
Impeller:
It is the rotating part which gives the liquid a part of the kinetic energy transmitted by the shaft by
making use of its vanes.
The shape and the number of vanes determine its hydraulic characteristics: flow rate, head,
efficiency.
The shape of impellers is directly linked to the value of the specific speed (Ns):
Ns = N x Q ½
N: rotational speed (rpm)
60 . H ¾
Q: flow rate per suction eye at maximum
efficiency (m3/h)
H: head per stage at maximum efficiency (m)
The speed of a pump which would raise the fluid by 1m at a flow rate of 1 m3/s
Impellers
MHSI for ACP1000
There are 3 main shapes of Impeller :
 closed impeller
 semi-open impeller
 open impeller
The shape of impellers, the number of vanes, and the meridian profile
depends on the characteristics required and the nature of the liquid to be
pumped.
Impellers
MHSI for ACP1000
Different type of impellers:
Radial type Francis type Helico type Propeller
Impellers
MHSI for ACP1000
Bearings

MHSI for ACP1000
Role: - Guide the pump shaft during rotation
- Support the forces acting on the pump shaft
Y Reaction rad. A Coupling effort
Coupling hub
Axial reaction. B
X
impeller Shaft
Axial thrust
Bearing A
Bearing B
Rotor mass
Reaction rad. B
Radial thrust
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Bearing A:
Radial bearing carry radial forces
Bearing B:
The thrust bearing faces radial and axial forces
(mainly hydraulic axial thrust)
Here the bearings are in the same bearing housing:
A B
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Deep groove ball bearings
With 1 or 2 rows of balls

Supports limited radial and axial loads in both directions
Used for relatively high speeds
Several variants (protection, sealing…)
Economical
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Angular contact ball bearings
Supports axial loads in a single direction
Supports radial loads

Often assembled in pairs
Used for relatively high speeds
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Angular contact ball bearings in 2 rows
Accepts radial loads higher than the roller with one

row of balls.
Supports axial loads in both directions.
Can be used alone in place of 2 angular contact
bearings with 1 row.
Suited for medium speeds.
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Cylindrical roller bearings
At same size, it supports radial loads higher

than the ball bearings.
Used for low speeds and during operation at
high temperature (axial expansion)
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Tapered roller bearings
Particularly suitable for combined loads

Large faces of rollers enhance lubricant film formation
at the contacts end roller / shoulder.
The bearings are thus more reliable and less prom to
spills.
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
The criteria for choosing a bearing:
Geometrical criteria:
- Dimensions (diameter of the shaft, external diameter of the bearing…)
- Conditions of assembly: accessibility, adjustment…
Mechanical criteria:
- Rotation speed
- Nature of loads: axial, radial, combined Lifetime of bearings
- Importance of loads (intensity)
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Criteria for choosing a bearing:
Environment:
- Protection / type of sealing :
Protection without friction / joint
Type of lubrication: oil, grease
- Choice of a special cage:

Polyamide cage (reinforced fiber glass)
Steel cage
Bronze (or brass) cage
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
HMBSo bearing:
Radial bearing Thrust bearing
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
INSTALLATION OF ANGULAR CONTACT BEARINGS
Also mounted in pairs: the faces of bearings (BECB) are specially

adjusted so that they are matched.
There are 3 main assemblies:
In " T " In " O " In " X "
Tandem Back-to-back Face-to-face
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Back to back arrangement

The assembly in O offers a greater
stability to spillage from the shaft
than the assembly in X.
HMBSo thrust bearing

Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Face to face arrangement

From the lubrication point of view, the
assembly X is preferable to the
assembly O. The cages having a pump
effect towards the inside of the
bearings.
KSMK thrust bearing
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Tandem arrangement
Supports large axial loads in a single direction.
This assembly is often combined with a third angular contact

bearing to hold the rotor in both directions.
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
VB pump
Thrust bearing (oil lubricated)
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
LUBRICATION OF BEARINGS
Choice of lubrication system:
Oil Grease
 Proper penetration into the bearing  Cleanliness of the mechanism
 Allows cooling  Easy to seal
Advantages  Easy checking of lubricant: states levels  Easy to assemble
 Good quality of lubricant (filtration)  Easy to handle
 Possible to use pre-lubricated bearings
 Sealing necessary  Friction coefficient higher than oil
 No protection against oxydation during  Heat evacuation more reliable
Disadvantages
extended shutdown
 Not possible to check the level/amount of

grease
 Short lifetime
 Low speed of rotation
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Lubrication systems:
Oil bath:
The oil is taken by the rotating bearing and
is distributed all over this bearing.
The oil level must reach the centre of the
lowest rolling part.
Mild applications, low rotation speeds.
Lubrication ring:
The ring allows circulation of the oil.
For better reliability, when speed of
rotation and the operating temperature
make the lubrication necessary.
These applications require checking & control of the oil level in the bearing
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Les paliers à roulements

MHSI for ACP1000
CONSTANT LEVEL OILER:
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
HMBSo bearing:
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
KSMK pump:
Radial split pump / impeller between bearings
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Roller bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Choice of bearing unit:
Related to the product P x N
Ball bearing using is limited by Dm

xN
Journal bearing (hydrodynamic

sleeve) is limited by the linear
velocity.
Bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
DVMX pump:
Hydrodynamic journal bearings

MHSI for ACP1000
DVMX pump with journal bearings:
Impeller
Thrust Discharge side Top half casing Radial
bearing bearing
Gland ring
Balancing drum
Central Mechanical
Impeller Shaft
bearing seal
Bottom half Suction side
casing

MHSI for ACP1000
AXIALY SPLIT PUMPS
PLAIN BEARINGS T7 / T9 + ventilated thrust bearings
Thrust bearings Hydrodynamic radial bearing (journal bearing)
Fan
Lubrication ring

MHSI for ACP1000
Roller thrust bearing DVMX

MHSI for ACP1000
VB pump:
Internal journal bearing

MHSI for ACP1000
DVMX pump with tilting pads bearings:
Pad bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Pad bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
RCV pump: Hydrostatic bearing
Hydrostatic bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Hydrostatic bearing
Working principle
Hydrostatic bearings
MHSI for ACP1000
Sealing

MHSI for ACP1000
Sealing
MHSI for ACP1000
Internal dynamic seal
Static seal External dynamic seal
Sealing
MHSI for ACP1000
Static sealing
Provides a seal between two static parts.
Example: between the pump casing and the cover.
The most widely used: O-rings, gaskets or spiral joints
Dynamic sealing
Provides sealing between a static part and a moving part.
Example: between the shaft and the pump casing cover
External sealing:
The most used:  Lip seal and labyrinth ring

Especially in the bearing to seal the lubricant (no pressure)
 Packing or mechanical seals

to isolate the pumped fluid inside the casing (direct pressure from the
fluid on the sealing system)
Sealing
MHSI for ACP1000
Labyrinth ring:
Other types:
Sealing
MHSI for ACP1000
Packing
Example:
VLX pump
Lubrication is necessary, it is often carried out

by the pumped liquid.
Leaking drops are then observed (necessary)
Sealing
MHSI for ACP1000
Mechanical seals:
spring Fixed or seat gland
Drive sleeve Turning or face gland
The sealing is carried out by friction of 2 surfaces with one another.
Sealing
MHSI for ACP1000
Internal sealing: wear rings , throttle bushings
To limit internal leaks
Sealing
MHSI for ACP1000
A difference of hardness of 50 HB obtained by heat treatment or by coating to

prevent seizing.
Wear rings:
- plain rings
- grooves rings to increase the efficiency
- special clearance rings: optimal efficiency (the parts run in between
each other)
Sealing
MHSI for ACP1000
Drives

MHSI for ACP1000
We can split drives in 2 catergories:

 Fixed speed
 Variable speed
Fixed speed drives:

• Induction motor: direct drive
• Induction motor and gearbox
• Diesel engines
variable speed drives:

• Steam or gas turbine
• Belt pulley system
• VFD/VSD (variable frequency/speed drive)
• Variable speed Clutch + induction motor
Drives
MHSI for ACP1000
Induction motor and

gearbox
Drives
MHSI for ACP1000
Diesel engines
Use particularly appropriate when an electric supply is unavailable or

dangerous:
• Fire fighting pump
• Emergency power unit
Drives
MHSI for ACP1000
Drives
MHSI for ACP1000
Variable systems
Steam or gas turbine:

• Mainly used where some steam is produced: thermal power
plant, boiler room, refineries…
• High rotation speed: drives the pump through a velocity

gearbox
Variation of frequency:
Allow to adjust the pump performance TDH = f(Q) by the electric
supply frequency, without any modification to the unit,
Application: pipelines
Drives
MHSI for ACP1000
Drives
MHSI for ACP1000
Couplings
The shaft coupling are parts of the power

transmission unit used to link two shafts placed
end to end.
We can classify them into 3 Rigid couplings

main groups: Flexible couplings
Elastic couplings
Drives
MHSI for ACP1000
RIGID couplings
0 degree of freedom allowed between the 2 shafts
These couplings suits only if the axes are perfectly matched.
The two shafts are united in 3 directions: axial, radial and rotational.
Often used in vertical pumps for assembling the different shafts.
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Examples of designs
 half-shell sleeve
VLX and VX pumps
 Threaded sleeve  Cone shape sleeve
VMX pumps
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
FLEXIBLE couplings
1 relative movement of shaft is possible within certain limits
The torsional rigidity between the 2 shafts is keept
Main types:
• Curved-tooth couplings:
The profile of the teeth is such that the shafts

can move angularly and radially.
These couplings must be lubricated
CMD – FLEXIDENT
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
• Flexible-disk couplings:
The flexible element is membrane composed of several thin metallic plates. This membrane
is deformable but rigid in torsion.
The membrane flexibility allow axial and angular elasticity,
John Crane - TLK
FLENDER - ARPEX
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
• Universal joint couplings:
Allows a relative angular movement to the two shafts whose

axes always meet at the same point O
Universal joint couplings must be

lubricated
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Example: pump driven by

an universal joint coupling
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
ELASTIC couplings
Allow any relative movements but with low amplitude.
Especially:
• Relative displacement of rotating shafts about the supposed axis

Very useful during variations of power: start, overload, stop.
• Longitudinal (axial direction) or transverse movements coming from a bad alignment

of the two shafts.
• Angular movement coming from a wrong alignment, from wear or bending of one of the
shafts (angle: 1 to 3 ° max.).
These movements can happened together
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Main types:
Elastometric coupling:
An elastic part is placed between the 2 coupling hubs.

The deformation of the elastic part compensates for the misalignment, regulates
the motor power and absorbs the vibrations.
FLENDER - NEUPEX FLENDER - ELPEX
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Metallic flexible coupling:
Their flexibility is obtained by a clearance between the metallic parts and flexible
steel parts.
The flexibility is variable, since the support points on the plates come closer as the
load increases.
Requires lubrication.
CMD – FLEXACIER
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
VBX pump
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
Couplings
MHSI for ACP1000
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019

2013 124

Centrifugal Pump Basics

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Centrifugal Pump Basics

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS BASICS

MEDIUM HEAD SAFETY INJECTION PUMP FOR ACP1000 REACTOR

1/ Different types of pumps

3/ Components of a centrifugal pump

5/ Design of centrifugal pumps

Roles and types of pumps

Move a liquid from one point to another

Why do we use a pump ?

Positive Displacement pumps

Reciprocating Rotary Centrifugal Side chanel

Piston pump Screw pump

Different types of pumps

 The flow results from the variation of volume occupied by a liquid

 Ideal for fluids should not be mixed (food: wine, milk…)

 Very well suited for viscous fluids

Different types of pumps

Reciprocating piston pump

Flow rate: 200 m3/H

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Flow rate: 50 m3/H

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Flow rate: < 500 m3/H

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Side chanel pumps

Transform kinetic energy generated by the motor/engine into pressure

This movement creates an energy which will then be canalized

The fluid is channeled

Kinetic energy is transformed into

OIL&GAS Fire fighting

Centrifugal Side chanel

Axial split Radial split

Classification of centrifugal pumps

Classification of centrifugal pumps

Components of a centrifugal pump

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL 2013 27

Single stage radial split pump

Components of centrifugal pumps

Back shroud Impeller wear rings

Back impeller wear ring (on hydraulically

Front impeller wear ring

Components of centrifugal pumps

Components of centrifugal pumps

Pump casing, volute

Casing wear rings

Components of centrifugal pumps

1/ Guiding the fluid through the volute

2/ Resist to the pressure

Components of centrifugal pumps

Components of centrifugal pumps

Bearing cover Bearing housing Filling plug

Shaft Nut and its

Components of centrifugal pumps

Components of centrifugal pumps

Top half casing Radial

Bottom half seal

Components of centrifugal pumps