Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

ME 4507

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN

abedin.mzoynal@duet.ac.bd
+88 01829 311 650

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
www.duet.ac.bd
Course Content
ME 4507 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
3 hours/week Credits : 3.00

Refrigeration: Basic concepts and definitions of refrigeration and its applications; Different
refrigeration methods: Analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system, vapor absorption
refrigeration system, air-cycle refrigeration systems, Steam jet refrigeration system, Vortex tube
refrigeration system. Refrigerants - Classification and properties of commonly used refrigerants
and modern development; Selection criteria based on global effects; Refrigeration equipments:-
Compressors, evaporators, condensers, expansion devices, other control and safety devices.
Multi-pressure system of refrigeration; Low temperature refrigeration:- Linde, Claude, Cascade
and mixed refrigerant systems; Manufacturing of dry ice; Magnetic cooling;

Air Conditioning: Basic concepts and definitions of air conditioning and its applications;
Classification of air conditioning systems; Psychometric analysis; Various psychometric process.
Cooling and heating load calculations; Duct design methods; Air conditioning systems; Air
handling and distribution systems; Air conditioning equipment: Chiller, Cooling tower, etc;
Application criteria; Control systems; Refrigerant charging; leak detection methods.

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Reference Books

a. Course notes:
b. Essential books (text books):
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Stocker and Jones, 2nd Edition.
2. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Ahmadul Ameen, Eastern Economy Edition.
3. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration by R Miller and M R Miller.
4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by G Gundy, A Trott, T C Welch, 4th edition.
c. Recommended reference book:
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by C P Arora, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition.
2. A textbook of refrigeration and air conditioning by R.A Rajput
d. Websites/journals: www.duet.ac.bd

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Different Refrigeration Methods

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Air Cycle Refrigeration System
Reverse Carnot Refrigeration System
Process 1-2:
Reversible, adiabatic compression in a
compressor

Process 2-3:
Reversible, isothermal heat rejection in a
compressor

Process 3-4:
Reversible, adiabatic expansion in a
turbine

Process 4-1:
Reversible, isothermal heat absorption in
a turbine

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Air Cycle Refrigeration System
Aircraft cooling systems:
In an aircraft, cooling systems are required to keep the cabin temperatures at a
comfortable level. Even though the outside temperatures are very low at high
altitudes, still cooling of cabin is required due to:
 Large internal heat generation due to occupants, equipment etc.
 Heat generation due to skin friction caused by the fast moving aircraft
 At high altitudes, the outside pressure will be sub-atmospheric. When air at this
low pressure is compressed and supplied to the cabin at pressures close to
atmospheric, the temperature increases significantly. For example, when outside air
at a pressure of 0.2 bar and temperature of 223 K (at 10000 m altitude) is
compressed to 1 bar, its temperature increases to about 353 K. If the cabin is
maintained at 0.8 bar, the temperature will be about 332 K. This effect is called as ram
effect. This effect adds heat to the cabin, which needs to be taken out by the cooling
system.
 Solar radiation
Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507
Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Air Cycle Refrigeration System
Aircraft cooling systems:

For low speed aircraft flying at low altitudes, cooling system may not be required, however, for
high speed aircraft flying at high altitudes, a cooling system is a must.
Even though the COP of air cycle refrigeration is very low compared to vapor
compression refrigeration systems, it is still found to be most suitable for aircraft refrigeration
systems as:
 Air is cheap, safe, non-toxic and non-flammable. Leakage of air is not a problem
 Cold air can directly be used for cooling thus eliminating the low temperature heat
exchanger (open systems) leading to lower weight
 The aircraft engine already consists of a high speed turbo-compressor, hence separate
compressor for cooling system is not required. This reduces the weight per kW cooling
considerably. Typically, less than 50% of an equivalent vapor compression system
 Design of the complete system is much simpler due to low pressures. Maintenance
required is also less.

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Air Cycle Refrigeration System
Simple aircraft refrigeration systems: Bootstrap aircraft refrigeration systems:

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Air Cycle Refrigeration System
Regenerative aircraft refrigeration systems:

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Steam Jet Refrigeration System

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Vortex Tube Refrigeration System

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Thermoelectric Refrigeration System

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Magnetic refrigeration System

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Magnetic refrigeration System
The cycle is performed as a refrigeration cycle that is
analogous to the Carnot refrigeration cycle, but with increases
and decreases in magnetic field strength instead of increases
and decreases in pressure. It can be described at a starting
point whereby the chosen working substance is introduced
into a magnetic field, i.e., the magnetic flux density is
increased. The working material is the refrigerant, and starts in
thermal equilibrium with the refrigerated environment.

Adiabatic magnetization: A magnetocaloric substance is

placed in an insulated environment. The increasing external
magnetic field (+H) causes the magnetic dipoles of the atoms
to align, thereby decreasing the material's magnetic entropy
and heat capacity. Since overall energy is not lost (yet) and
therefore total entropy is not reduced (according to
thermodynamic laws), the net result is that the substance is
heated (T + ΔTad).

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Analysis of Magnetic refrigeration System
Isomagnetic enthalpic transfer: This added heat can then be removed (-
Q) by a fluid or gas—gaseous or liquid helium, for example. The
magnetic field is held constant to prevent the dipoles from reabsorbing
the heat. Once sufficiently cooled, the magnetocaloric substance and
the coolant are separated.
Adiabatic demagnetization: The substance is returned to another
adiabatic (insulated) condition so the total entropy remains constant.
However, this time the magnetic field is decreased (H = 0), the thermal
energy causes the magnetic moments to overcome the field, and thus
the sample cools, i.e., an adiabatic temperature change. Energy (and
entropy) transfers from thermal entropy to magnetic entropy,
measuring the disorder of the magnetic dipoles.
Isomagnetic entropic transfer: The magnetic field is held constant to
prevent the material from reheating. The material is placed in thermal
contact with the environment to be refrigerated. Because the working
material is cooler than the refrigerated environment (by design), heat
energy migrates into the working material (+Q).

Once the refrigerant and refrigerated environment are in thermal

equilibrium, the cycle can restart.
Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 4507
Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
 Thank you
for
cooperation

Professor Dr. Mohammad Zoynal ABEDIN ME 1503

Dept. of ME, DUET, Gazipur Basic Thermodynamics