PRAYER FOR RESEARCH SUBJECT

Prayer for Guidance

Lord, grant that I may always allow myself to be guided

By You, always follow Your plans,

And perfectly accomplish Your Holy Will.

Grant that in all things, great and small,

Today and all the days of my life,

I may do whatever You require of me.

Help me respond to the slightest prompting of Your Grace, so that I may be Your trustworthy instrument for Your
honor.

May Your Will be done in time and in eternity by me,

In me and through me. Amen.

St. Teresa of Avila, the great spiritual reformer, pray for us!

That in all things, God may be glorified!

Lesson 1:

THE RESEARCH, RESEARCH VARIABLES

AND RESEARCH DESIGNS
Mr. Dionimar B. Banaria, LPT, MA.Ed
Practical Research 2 – Quantitative Research
SY: 2019-2020
Faculty, Pasig Catholic College
Jabson St. Malinao Pasig City
dionimarbanaria0019@gmail.com
Research is a combination of the prefix re- which means “again”
and the word search means “to look for.” Research is the process
of looking information once again. Its main objective is to answer
questions and acquire new information, whether to solve
problem or to shed light on confusing facts (Espinosa, 2016).
Research is the systematic application of a family of methods
that are employed to provide trustworthy information about
problems (CRQ, 2015).
Research caters epistemology and ontology (Patton, 2009).
 BASIC RESEARCH PROCESS
Theory

Model
Construction Interpretation

Instrument
Construction

Data Result
Model Testing
Collection

J. Amora, N.D
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• Research is finding intervention to the unseen
problem.
• Research is discovering and creating something from
nothing.
• Research enlightens the need of development.
• Research is learning and unlearning.

-DBB
RESEARCH VARIABLE
is anything in the study that has quantity or/and quality that varies.
FOUR TYPES OF OPERATIONAL VARIABLES
Dependent Variable – is a variable that changes as a result of an intervention or
experiment. The changes in the dependent variable are what the researcher is
trying to measure and test.
Examples: Lung Cancer, Growth of teenage pregnancy, Students’
academic performance

Independent Variable – is hypothesized to affect the dependent variable. An

independent variable is what the researcher manipulates to see if it changes the
dependent variable. Or the one that affects the dependent variable.
Example: Religious affiliation for voting preference, Learning style for
academic performance
FOUR TYPES OF OPERATIONAL VARIABLES
Intervening Variables – Also known as mediating or moderator
variables, variables that link or bridge the gap between independent
and dependent variables.
Example: Cooperative Learning (extroverts)

Extraneous Variables – are variables that, if not controlled, can affect

the dependent variable or the outcomes of the study.
Example: Cooperative Learning (lights, physical space, condition,
etc.)
MEASURING VARIABLES
according to classification of data contain:
Statistical Data

Categorical Variable Numerical Variable

(Qualitative Data) (Quantitative Data)

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Figure 1.2 Taxonomy of variables

MEASURING VARIABLES
Nominal Variables – enable the classification of individuals, objects,
or responses based on a common property or characteristics.
Examples: Gender (male or female); College Major (English,
Science, etc.); Religion (Catholic, Muslim, etc. )

Ordinal Variables – have all the characteristics of a nominal variable

but ranked in a certain order. The relative position of one case is
known.
Examples: Social class (upper, middle, low), Typhoon signal
number (1,2,3,4)
MEASURING VARIABLES
Interval Variables – are type of numerical variable. Those that do not
have a “true zero” value, since zero does not actually represent none
or nothing.
Example: Fahrenheit temperature scale (the difference between 70
and 80 degrees is the same as 30 and 40 degrees; but 0 degree does
not mean no temperature
Ratio Variables – have the characteristics of nominal, ordinal and
interval measures. They are based on a fixed starting point or a “true
zero point” The value of zero represents none or nothing.
Example: Annual family income, number of student per class
IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF MEASUREMENT SCALE FROM
THE EXAMPLES BELOW. WRITE N FOR NOMINAL, O FOR
ORDINAL, I FOR INTERVAL AND R FOR RATIO.
_______1. Political Parties (liberal, democrat)
_________ 2. Attitude (favor, not in favor)
_________ 3. Attitudes (very unfavorable, unfavorable, neutral, favorable, very favorable)
_________ 4. Socioeconomic Status (upper, middle, low)
_________ 5. Temperature (celsius – 0ʾc, Fahrenheit – 32ʾF)
_________ 6. Population of a country
_________ 7. Gender (male, female, others)
_________ 8. Test score
_________ 9. Senatorial Race Results
_________ 10. Age
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Quantitative Research
• Qualitative Research
• Mixed Methods
Crewell, 2014
• Quantitative Research
– Causal/Experimental
– Descriptive (Comparative, Correlational, Predictive)

• Qualitative Research
– Ethnography (Culture)
– Grand Narrative (Turning Point of Experience)
– Phenomenological (Describing the essence of Phenomenon) – Descriptive
(Collaizzi, 1978) or Interpretative (Moustakas, 1994)
– Grounded Theory (Documenting a process that explains the
phenomenon)
– Case Study (Inclusion Criteria are very clear)
Collado, 2018
Different types of Quantitative Research (Pulmones, 2016)

Types of Quantitative Short Description Sample Studies

Research
Experimental

True experimental Characterized by rigid The effect of a new treatment

manipulation of variables; use of plan for breast cancer
control, selection, and random
assignments of participants
Quasi-experimental Characterized by rigid
manipulation of variables; use of
control but no randomization;
intact groups or participants are
used instead.
The use of conventional versus
cooperative learning groups on
students’ academic achievement
The effect of personalized
instruction on computational
skill
Different types of Quantitative Research (Pulmones, 2016)
Types of Quantitative Short Description
Research
Nonexperimental: According to research purpose
Descriptive Seeks to describe the current status of an
identified variable. Research projects are
designed to provide systematic information
about a phenomenon. Survey research belongs
to this category.
Predictive Designed to predict or forecast some event or
phenomenon in the future without necessarily
establishing
cause-and-effect relationship. Correlational
research to a certain extent can be classified as
predictive.
Explanatory Aims to develop or test a theory to explain
how and why it operates and to identify causal
factors behind the phenomenon.
Sample Studies
A description of the tobacco use habits
of teenagers.
A description of the kinds of physical
activities that typically occur in nursing
homes and how frequently each occurs.
Factors affecting college success.
The relationship between the types of
activities used in math classrooms and
student’s academic achievement.
The role of peers and study groups in
students’ attitude in learning and
academic achievement in mathematics.
Different types of Quantitative Research (Pulmones, 2016)
Types of Quantitative Short Description
Research
Nonexperimental: According to time dimension
Cross-sectional Data are collected at a single point in
time and comparisons are made across
the variables of interest.
Retrospective Comparisons are made between the past,
as estimated by the data, and the present
for the cases in the data set.
Longitudinal Data are collected starting at the present
and are collected again sometime in the
future to compare past and future data
sets.
Sample Studies
Graduating students’ beliefs,
perceptions, and experiences on
their K to 12 schooling.
The possible causes of lung cancer
and related respiratory disorders
of smokers.
A prospective longitudinal study of
the correlation and consequences
of early grade retention.
References:
• Amora, J., (n.d.) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Manual, EINS Consultancy Philippines,
PAARSU
• Creswell, J., (2014) Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches, Sage Publishing
• Collado, Z., (2018) Fundamentals in Research Writing for Journal Publication. De La Salle
University. PPT
• Torneo A., Torneo H., (2017) An introduction to Quantitative Research, Sibs Publishing
House, Inc.
• Pulmones, R., (2016) You and the Natural World – Quantitative Research, Phoenix
Publishing House
• www.pubmanu.com/journal-article-vs-thesis