Hypothesis Testing Chapter 7 - 1 - 7 - 4

Chapter 7
Hypothesis Testing with One

Sample
Larson/Farber 4th ed. 1

Chapter Outline
• 7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

• 7.2 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Large Samples)
• 7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Small Samples)
• 7.4 Hypothesis Testing for Proportions
• 7.5 Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard
Deviation

Section 7.1
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

Section 7.1 Objectives
• State a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis

• Identify type I and type I errors and interpret the level
of significance
• Determine whether to use a one-tailed or two-tailed
statistical test and find a p-value
• Make and interpret a decision based on the results of
a statistical test
• Write a claim for a hypothesis test

Hypothesis Tests
Hypothesis test
• A process that uses sample statistics to test a claim
about the value of a population parameter.
• For example: An automobile manufacturer
advertises that its new hybrid car has a mean mileage
of 50 miles per gallon. To test this claim, a sample
would be taken. If the sample mean differs enough
from the advertised mean, you can decide whether to
reject the claim or fail to reject the claim.

Hypothesis Tests
Statistical hypothesis
• A statement, or claim, about a population parameter.
• Need a pair of hypotheses
• the null hypothesis that represents the claim
• the other, its alternative hypothesis

Stating a Hypothesis
Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis

• A statistical hypothesis • A statement of
that contains a statement inequality such as >, ,
of equality, =. or <.
• Denoted H0 read “H • Denoted Ha read “H
subzero” or “H naught.” sub-a.”
complementary
statements

Stating a Hypothesis
• To write the null and alternative hypotheses, translate

the claim made about the population parameter from
a verbal statement to a mathematical statement.
• Then write its alternative.
H0: μ = k H0: μ = k
Ha: μ > k Ha: μ ≠ k

Example: Stating the Null and Alternative
Hypotheses
Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null
and alternative hypotheses.
A university publicizes that the proportion of its students

who graduate in 4 years is 82%.
Solution:
H0: p = 0.82 Equality condition (Claim)
Ha: p ≠ 0.82 Complement of H0

Hypotheses
A water faucet manufacturer announces that the mean

flow rate of a certain type of faucet is 2.5 gallons per
minute. Our water pressure is low.
Solution:
H0: μ = 2.5 gallons per minute Claim
Ha: μ < 2.5 gallons per minute

Hypotheses
A cereal company advertises that the mean weight of the

contents of its 20-ounce size cereal boxes is 20 ounces.
We think the boxes contain less cereal.
Solution:
H0: μ = 20 ounces Null Hypothesis (Claim)
Ha: μ < 20 ounces Alternative Hypothesis

Types of Errors
• Always begin the hypothesis test assuming that the

equality condition in the null hypothesis is true.
• At the end of the test, one of two decisions will be
made:
 reject the null hypothesis
 fail to reject the null hypothesis
• Because our decision is based on a sample, there is
the possibility that a wrong decision was made.
• Don’t worry, it’s not your fault.

Types of Errors
Actual Truth of H0
Decision H0 is true H0 is false
Do not reject H0 Correct Decision Type II Error
Reject H0 Type I Error Correct Decision
• A type I error occurs if the null hypothesis is rejected

when it is true.
• A type II error occurs if the null hypothesis is not
rejected when it is false.

Example: Identifying Type I and Type II
Errors
The USDA limit for salmonella contamination for
chicken is 20%. A meat inspector reports that the
chicken produced by a company exceeds the USDA
limit. You perform a hypothesis test to determine
whether the meat inspector’s claim is true. When will a
type I or type II error occur? Which is more serious?
(Source: United States Department of Agriculture)

Solution: Identifying Type I and Type II
Errors
Let p represent the proportion of chicken that is
contaminated.
Hypotheses: H0: p = 0.2
Ha: p > 0.2

Errors
Hypotheses: H0: p = 0.2 (Claim)
Ha: p > 0.2
A type I error is rejecting H0 when it is true. (RT1)

The actual proportion of contaminated chicken has not
exceeded 0.2, but you decide to reject H0.
A type II error is failing to reject H0 when it is false. (FF2)
The actual proportion of contaminated chicken is
greater than 0.2, but you do not reject H0.

Errors
Hypotheses: H0: p = 0.2
Ha: p > 0.2
• With a type I error, you might create a health scare

and hurt the sales of chicken producers who were
actually meeting the USDA limits.
• With a type II error, you could be allowing chicken
that exceeded the USDA contamination limit to be
sold to consumers.
• A type II error could result in sickness or even death.

Level of Significance
Level of significance
• Your maximum allowable probability of making a
type I error. Known as the alpha level.
 Denoted by , the lowercase Greek letter alpha.
• By setting the level of significance at a small value,
you are saying that you want the probability of
rejecting a true null hypothesis to be small.
• Commonly used levels of significance:
  = 0.10  = 0.05  = 0.01
 Use  = 0.05 when the level of significance is not
given.
Statistical Tests
• After stating the null and alternative hypotheses and
specifying the level of significance (alpha level), a
random sample is taken from the population and
sample statistics are calculated.
• The statistic that is compared with the parameter in
the null hypothesis is called the test statistic.
Population Test statistic Standardized test
parameter statistic
μ x z (Section 7.2 n  30)
t (Section 7.3 n < 30)
p p̂ z (Section 7.4)
σ2 s2 χ2 (Section 7.5)
P-values
P-value (or probability value)

• The probability, if the null hypothesis is true, of
obtaining a sample statistic with a value as extreme or
more extreme than the one determined from the
sample data.
• Depends on the nature of the test.

Nature of the Test
• Three types of hypothesis tests

 left-tailed test
 right-tailed test
 two-tailed test
• The type of test depends on the region of the
sampling distribution that favors a rejection of H0.
• This region is indicated by the alternative hypothesis.

Left-tailed Test
• The alternative hypothesis Ha contains the less-than
inequality symbol (<).
H0: μ = k
Ha: μ < k
P is the area to
the left of the
test statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test
statistic
Right-tailed Test
• The alternative hypothesis Ha contains the greater-
than inequality symbol (>).
H0: μ = k
Ha: μ > k P is the area
to the right
of the test
statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test
statistic
Two-tailed Test
• The alternative hypothesis Ha contains the not equal
inequality symbol (≠). Each tail has an area of ½P.
H0: μ = k
Ha: μ  k
P is twice the
P is twice the
area to the right
area to the left of
of the positive
the negative test
test statistic.
statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test Test
Larson/Farber 4th ed. statistic statistic 24
Example: Identifying The Nature of a Test
For each claim, state H0 and Ha. Then determine
whether the hypothesis test is a left-tailed, right-tailed,
or two-tailed test. Sketch a normal sampling distribution
and shade the area for the P-value.
A university publicizes that the proportion of its
students who graduate in 4 years is 82%.
Solution:
H0: p = 0.82 ½ P-value ½ P-value
Ha: p ≠ 0.82 area area
z
Two-tailed test -z 0 z

A water faucet manufacturer announces that the mean
flow rate of a certain type of faucet is less than 2.5
gallons per minute.
Solution:
H0: μ = 2.5 gpm P-value
area
Ha: μ < 2.5 gpm
z
-z 0
Left-tailed test
A cereal company advertises that the mean weight of the
contents of its 20-ounce size cereal boxes is more than
20 ounces.
Solution:
P-value
H0: μ = 20 oz area
Ha: μ > 20 oz
z
0 z
Right-tailed test
Making a Decision
Decision Rule Based on P-value
• Compare the P-value with .
 If P < , then reject H0.
 If P > , then fail to reject H0.
Hypotheses
Decision Rule Rule
There is enough evidence to There is enough evidence to
Reject H0 reject the claim support the claim
There is not enough evidence There is not enough evidence
Fail to reject H0 to reject the claim to support the claim

When the p-value is lower than the alpha level, we
reject the null hypothesis and use the alternative
hypothesis
“When it’s low, let it go…reject the null.”
When the p-value is higher than the alpha level, we

fail to reject the null hypothesis.
“When it’s high, let it fly…we fail to reject the null

hypothesis.”

Example: Interpreting a Decision

Solution: Interpreting a Decision
• The claim is represented by H0.
If you reject H0 you should conclude “There is
sufficient evidence to reject the university’s claim that
the proportion of its students who graduate in 4 years is
82% and therefore conclude that the proportion of
graduates in 4 years is higher or lower than the
university’s claim.”
If you fail to reject H0, you should conclude “There is
sufficient evidence to support the university’s claim
that its four-year graduation rate is 82%.”

Example: Interpreting a Decision
You perform a hypothesis test for the following claim.
How should you interpret your decision if you reject
H0? If you fail to reject H0?
Honda Automobile Company states that the mean
stopping distance (on a dry surface) for a Honda Civic
is 136 feet. Consumer Reports believes that the stopping
distance is greater than 136 feet.

Solution: Interpreting a Decision
• If you reject H0 you should conclude “There is

sufficient evidence to support Consumer Reports’
claim that the stopping distance for a Honda Civic is
greater than 136 feet.”
• If you fail to reject H0, you should conclude “There is

not enough evidence to conclude that the stopping
distance for a Honda Civic is greater than 136 feet.”

Steps for Hypothesis Testing
1. State the claim mathematically or verbally. Identify
the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: ? Ha: ?
2. Specify the level of significance. This sampling distribution
α= ? is based on the assumption
that H0 is true.
3. Determine the standardized
sampling distribution and
draw its graph. z
0
4. Calculate the test statistic
and its standardized value.
Add it to your sketch. 0
z
Test statistic
Steps for Hypothesis Testing
5. Find the P-value.

6. Use the following decision rule.
Is the P-value less
than or equal to the
No Fail to reject H0.
level of significance?
Yes
Reject H0.
7. Write a statement to interpret the decision in the
context of the original claim.

Section 7.1 Summary
• Stated a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis

• Identified type I and type I errors and interpreted the
level of significance
• Determined whether to use a one-tailed or two-tailed
statistical test and found a p-value
• Made and interpreted a decision based on the results
of a statistical test
• Wrote a claim for a hypothesis test

Section 7.2
Hypothesis Testing for the Mean

(Large Samples)

• Find P-values and use them to test a mean μ

• Use P-values for a z-test
• Find critical values and rejection regions in a normal
distribution
• Use rejection regions for a z-test

Using P-values to Make a Decision

Example: Interpreting a P-value
The P-value for a hypothesis test is P = 0.0237. What is
your decision if the level of significance is
1. 0.05?
Solution:
Because 0.0237 < 0.05, you should reject the null
hypothesis.
2. 0.01?
Solution:
Because 0.0237 > 0.01, you should fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
Finding the P-value
After determining the hypothesis test’s standardized test

statistic and the test statistic’s corresponding area, do one
of the following to find the P-value.
a. For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail).
b. For a right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail).
c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test statistic).

Example: Finding the P-value
Find the P-value for a left-tailed hypothesis test with a
test statistic of z = -2.23. Decide whether to reject H0 if
the level of significance is α = 0.01.
Solution:
For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail)
P = 0.0129
z
-2.23 0
Because 0.0129 > 0.01, you should fail to reject H0
Example: Finding the P-value
Find the P-value for a two-tailed hypothesis test with a
test statistic of z = 2.14. Decide whether to reject H0 if
the level of significance is α = 0.05.
Solution:
For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test statistic)
1 – 0.9838
P = 2(0.0162)
= 0.0162
0.9838 = 0.0324
z
0 2.14
Because 0.0324 < 0.05, you should reject H0
Z-Test for a Mean μ
• Can be used when the population is normal and  is

known, or for any population when the sample size n
is at least 30.
• The test statistic is the sample mean x
• The standardized test statistic is z
x    standard error  
z
 n n
x
• When n  30, the sample standard deviation s can be

substituted for .

Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
1. State the claim mathematically State H0 and Ha.
and verbally. Identify the null
2. Specify the level of significance. Identify .
3. Determine the standardized test x 
z
statistic.  n
4. Find the area that corresponds Use Table 4 in
to z. Appendix B.

Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
5. Find the P-value.
a. For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail).
b. For a right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail).
c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test
statistic).
6. Make a decision to reject or Reject H0 if P-value
fail to reject the null hypothesis. is less than or equal
to . Otherwise,
fail to reject H0.
7. Interpret the decision in the
Example: Hypothesis Testing Using P-
values
In an advertisement, a pizza shop claims that its mean
delivery time is 30 minutes. A random selection of 36
delivery times has a sample mean of 28.5 minutes and a
standard deviation of 3.5 minutes. Is there enough
evidence to support the claim at  = 0.01? Use a P-
value.

Solution: Hypothesis Testing Using P-
values
• H0: • P-value
• Ha: μ < 30 min
•  = 0.01 0.0051
• Test Statistic: -2.57 0
z
x  • Decision: 0.0051 < 0.01

z
 n Reject H0
28.5  30

3.5 36
 2.57
Example: Hypothesis Testing Using P-
values
You think that the average franchise investment
information shown in the graph is incorrect, so you
randomly select 30 franchises and determine the
necessary investment for each. The sample mean
investment is $135,000 with a
standard deviation of $30,000. Is
there enough evidence to support
your claim at  = 0.05? Use a
P-value.

Solution: Hypothesis Testing Using P-
values
• H0: μ = $143,260 • P-value
P = 2(0.0655)
• Ha: μ ≠ $143,260 = 0.1310
•  = 0.05 0.0655
• Test Statistic: -1.51 0
z
x  • Decision: 0.1310 > 0.05

z
 n Fail to reject H0
135, 000  143, 260

30, 000 30
 1.51
Rejection Regions and Critical Values

Rejection Regions and Critical Values

Example: Finding Critical Values
Find the critical value and rejection region for a two-

tailed test with  = 0.05.
Solution: 1 – α = 0.95
½α = 0.025 ½α = 0.025
z
z0
-z = -1.96 0 z = z1.96
0
The rejection regions are to the left of -z = -1.96 and

to the right of z = 1.96.

Decision Rule Based on Rejection
Region
To use a rejection region to conduct a hypothesis test,
calculate the standardized test statistic, z. If the
standardized test statistic
1. is in the rejection region, then reject H0.
2. is not in the rejection region, then fail to reject H0.
Fail to reject H0. Fail to reject Ho.
Reject H0. Reject Ho.

z z
z < z0 z0 0 0 z0 z > z0
Fail to reject H0
Left-Tailed Test Right-Tailed Test
Reject H0 Reject H0
z
z < -z0 z0 0 z0 z > z0
Two-Tailed Test
Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a
Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
3. Sketch the sampling distribution.
4. Determine the critical value(s). Use Table 4 in
Appendix B.
5. Determine the rejection region(s).

Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a
Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
x 
6. Find the standardized test z or if n  30
statistic.  n
use   s.
7. Make a decision to reject or fail If z is in the rejection
to reject the null hypothesis. region, reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
8. Interpret the decision in the reject H0.

Example: Testing with Rejection Regions
Employees in a large accounting firm claim that the

mean salary of the firm’s accountants is the same as that
of its competitor’s, which is $45,000. A random sample
of 30 of the firm’s accountants has a mean salary of
$43,500 with a standard deviation of $5200. At
α = 0.05, test the employees’ claim.

Solution: Testing with Rejection Regions
• H0: • Test Statistic

• Ha: μ < $45,000 x   43,500  45, 000
z 
•  = 0.05  n 5200 30
• Rejection Region:  1.58
• Decision: Fail to reject H0
Since the p-value falls outside the
0.05
rejection region, we fail to reject the
z null hypothesis and can say that
-1.645 0
there is not sufficient evidence to
-1.58
support the employees’ claim that
the mean salary is less than $45,000.
Example: Testing with Rejection Regions
The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that the

mean cost of raising a child from birth to age 2 in a rural
area is $10,460. You believe this value is incorrect, so
you select a random sample of 900 children (age 2) and
find that the mean cost is $10,345 with a standard
deviation of $1540. At α = 0.05, is there enough
evidence to conclude that the mean cost is different
from $10,460? (Adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion)

Solution: Testing with Rejection Regions
• H0: μ = $10,460 • Test Statistic

• Ha: μ ≠ $10,460 x   10,345  10, 460
z 
•  = 0.05  n 1540 900
• Rejection Region:  2.24
• Decision: Reject H0
At the 5% level of significance,
0.025 0.025 you have enough evidence to
z conclude the mean cost of
-1.96 0 1.96
raising a child from birth to age
-2.24 2 in a rural area is significantly
different from $10,460.
Section 7.2 Summary
• Found P-values and used them to test a mean μ

• Used P-values for a z-test
• Found critical values and rejection regions in a
normal distribution
• Used rejection regions for a z-test

Section 7.3
Hypothesis Testing for the Mean

(Small Samples)

• Find critical values in a t-distribution

• Use the t-test to test a mean μ
• Use technology to find P-values and use them with a
t-test to test a mean μ

Finding Critical Values in a t-Distribution
1. Identify the level of significance .
2. Identify the degrees of freedom d.f. = n – 1.
3. Find the critical value(s) using Table 5 in Appendix B in
the row with n – 1 degrees of freedom. If the hypothesis
test is
a. left-tailed, use “One Tail,  ” column with a negative
sign,
b. right-tailed, use “One Tail,  ” column with a
positive sign,
c. two-tailed, use “Two Tails,  ” column with a
negative and a positive sign.
Example: Finding Critical Values for t
Solution:
• The degrees of freedom are
d.f. = n – 1 = 21 – 1 = 20.
• Look at α = 0.05 in the
“One Tail, ” column. 0.05
• Because the test is left- -1.725 0
t
tailed, the critical value is
negative.
Example: Finding Critical Values for t
Find the critical values t and -t for a two-tailed test

given  = 0.05 and n = 26.
Solution:
• The degrees of freedom are
d.f. = n – 1 = 26 – 1 = 25.
• Look at α = 0.05 in the
“Two Tail, ” column. 0.025 0.025
• Because the test is two- -2.060 0 2.060
t
tailed, one critical value is

negative and one is positive.
t-Test for a Mean μ (n < 30,  Unknown)
t-Test for a Mean

• A statistical test for a population mean.
• The t-test can be used when the population is normal
or nearly normal,  is unknown, and n < 30.
• The test statistic is the sample mean x
• The standardized test statistic is t.
x 
t
s n
• The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1.

Using the t-Test for a Mean μ
(Small Sample)
In Words In Symbols
3. Identify the degrees of freedom d.f. = n – 1.
and sketch the sampling
distribution.
4. Determine any critical value(s). Use Table 5 in
Appendix B.
Using the t-Test for a Mean μ
(Small Sample)
In Words In Symbols
5. Determine any rejection
region(s).
x 
6. Find the standardized test t
statistic. s n
7. Make a decision to reject or If t is in the rejection

fail to reject the null region, reject H0.
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
Example: Testing μ with a Small Sample
A used car dealer says that the mean price of a 2005

Honda Pilot LX is $23,900. You suspect this claim is
incorrect and find that a random sample of 14 similar
vehicles has a mean price of $23,000 and a standard
deviation of $1113. Is there enough evidence to reject
the dealer’s claim at α = 0.05? Assume the population is
normally distributed. (Adapted from Kelley Blue Book)

Solution: Testing μ with a Small Sample
• H0:
• Ha: μ < $23,900
• α = 0.05
• df = 14 – 1 = 13 Reject H0
• Rejection Region: At the 0.05 level of
significance, there is enough
evidence to reject the claim
0.05
that the mean price of a 2005
t
-1.771 0 Honda Pilot LX is $23,900
-3.026
Example: Testing μ with a Small Sample
An industrial company claims that the mean pH level of

the water in a nearby river is 6.8. You randomly select
19 water samples and measure the pH of each. The
sample mean and standard deviation are 6.7 and 0.24,
respectively. Is there enough evidence to reject the
company’s claim at α = 0.05? Assume the population is
normally distributed.

Solution: Testing μ with a Small Sample
• H0: μ = 6.8 • Test Statistic:

• Ha: μ ≠ 6.8 x  6.7  6.8
t   1.816
• α = 0.05 s n 0.24 19
• df = 19 – 1 = 18 • Decision: Fail to reject H0
• Rejection Region: At the 0.05 level of
significance, there is not
enough evidence to reject
0.025 0.025
the claim that the mean pH
t is 6.8.
-2.101 0 2.101
-1.816
Section 7.3 Summary
• Found critical values in a t-distribution

• Used the t-test to test a mean μ
• Used technology to find P-values and used them with
a t-test to test a mean μ

Section 7.4
Hypothesis Testing for Proportions

• Use the z-test to test a population proportion p

z-Test for a Population Proportion
z-Test for a Population Proportion

• A statistical test for a population proportion.
• Can be used when a binomial distribution is given
such that np  5 and nq  5.
• The test statistic is the sample proportion p̂ .
• The standardized test statistic is z.

Using a z-Test for a Proportion p
Verify that np ≥ 5 and nq ≥ 5
In Words In Symbols
3. Sketch the sampling distribution.
4. Determine any critical value(s). Use Table 5 in
Appendix B.

Using a z-Test for a Proportion p
In Words In Symbols
5. Determine any rejection
region(s).
p̂  p
6. Find the standardized test z
statistic. pq n
7. Make a decision to reject or If z is in the rejection

fail to reject the null region, reject H0.
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
Example: Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Zogby International claims that 45% of people in the
United States support making cigarettes illegal within
the next 5 to 10 years. You decide to test this claim and
ask a random sample of 200 people in the United States
whether they support making cigarettes illegal within the
next 5 to 10 years. Of the 200 people, 49% support this
law. At α = 0.05 is there enough evidence to reject the
claim?
Solution:
• Verify that np ≥ 5 and nq ≥ 5.
np = 200(0.45) = 90 and nq = 200(0.55) = 110
Solution: Hypothesis Test for Proportions
• H0: p = 0.45 • Test Statistic

• Ha: p ≠ 0.45 pˆ  p 0.49  0.45
z 
•  = 0.05 pq n (0.45)(0.55) 200
• Rejection Region:  1.14
• Decision: Fail to reject H0
0.025 0.025 there is not enough evidence to
z reject the claim that 45% of
-1.96 0 1.96
people in the U.S. support
1.14 making cigarettes illegal within
the next 5 to 10 years.
Example: Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
The Pew Research Center claims that 55% of U.S.
adults regularly watch their local television news. You
decide to test this claim and ask a random sample of 425
adults in the United States whether they regularly watch
their local television news. Of the 425 adults, 255
respond yes. At α = 0.05 is there enough evidence to
support the claim?
Solution:
• Verify that np ≥ 5 and nq ≥ 5.
np = 425(0.55) ≈ 234 and nq = 425 (0.45) ≈ 191
Solution: Hypothesis Test for Proportions
• H0: • Test Statistic

• Ha: p > 0.55 pˆ  p 255 425  0.55
z 
•  = 0.05 pq n (0.55)(0.45) 425
• Rejection Region:  2.07
• Decision: Reject H0
0.05
there is enough evidence to
0 1.645
z support the claim that more
than 55% of U.S. adults
2.07 regularly watch their local
television news.
Section 7.4 Summary
• Used the z-test to test a population proportion p

Hypothesis Testing Chapter 7 - 1 - 7 - 4

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Hypothesis Testing Chapter 7 - 1 - 7 - 4

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Chapter 7

Hypothesis Testing with One

Larson/Farber 4th ed. 1

• 7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

Larson/Farber 4th ed. 2

Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

Larson/Farber 4th ed. 3

• State a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis

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Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis

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• To write the null and alternative hypotheses, translate

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A university publicizes that the proportion of its students

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A water faucet manufacturer announces that the mean

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A cereal company advertises that the mean weight of the

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• Always begin the hypothesis test assuming that the

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• A type I error occurs if the null hypothesis is rejected

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A type I error is rejecting H0 when it is true. (RT1)

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• With a type I error, you might create a health scare

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P-value (or probability value)

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• Three types of hypothesis tests

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“When it’s low, let it go…reject the null.”

When the p-value is higher than the alpha level, we

“When it’s high, let it fly…we fail to reject the null

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• If you reject H0 you should conclude “There is

• If you fail to reject H0, you should conclude “There is

Larson/Farber 4th ed. 33

5. Find the P-value.

Larson/Farber 4th ed. 35

• Stated a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis

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Hypothesis Testing for the Mean

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• Find P-values and use them to test a mean μ

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After determining the hypothesis test’s standardized test

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• Can be used when the population is normal and  is

• When n  30, the sample standard deviation s can be

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