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Selection
and
Facility
Layout
Operations Management, Eighth Edition, by William J. Stevenson
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
INTRODUCTION
2
INTRODUCTIO
N
▹ PROCESS SELECTION
-deciding on the way production of
goods or services will be organized
3
PROCESS
SELECTION
▹ MAJOR IMPLICATIONS
Planning
Capacity planning
Layout of facilities
Equipment
Design of work systems
4
PROCESS SELECTION AND CAPACITY PLANNING
INFLUENCE SYSTEM DESIGN
Facilities and
Forecasting Capacity Equipment
Planning
Process
Technological Selection Work
Change Design
5
PROCESS
STRATEGY
▹ KEY ASPECTS
Capital Intensity
-mix of equipment and labor
Process Flexibility
-degree to which the system can be
adjusted to changes
6
2
TECHNOLOGY
7
TECHNOLOGY
▹ TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
-discovery and development
▹ TECHNOLOGY
-application of scientific discoveries
Kinds of technology
Product and service technology
Process technology
Information technology
8
TECHNOLOGY
▹ ADVANTAGES
Increase market share
Generate substantial profits
Increase quality
Lowering costs
Increase productivity
Expanding processing capabilities
9
TECHNOLOGY
▹ DISADVANTAGES
Economic considerations
Integration considerations
Human considerations
10
3
PROCESS
SELECTION
11
PROCESS
SELECTION
▹ FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
Variety: how much
Flexibility: what degree
Volume: expected output
12
PROCESS
SELECTION
▹ PROCESS TYPES
Job shop
-small scale
Batch
-moderate volume
Repetitive/Assembly Line
-high volumes of standardized
goods or services
13
PROCESS
SELECTION
▹ PROCESS TYPES
Continuous
-very high volumes of non-discrete
goods
Product or service profiling
-used to avoid any inconsistencies
14
PROCESS
SELECTION
High Moderate Low Very Low
Low or very Job Shop
low volume Repair shop
Emergency room
Moderate Batch
volume Commercial bakery
Classroom lecture
High Repetitive
volume Assembly line
Automatic car
wash
Very high Continuous flow
volume Petroleum refining
Water treatment
15
PROCESS
SELECTION
▹ AUTOMATION
- machinery that has sensing and
control devices that enables it to
operate
16
PROCESS
SELECTION
▹ KINDS OF AUTOMATION
Fixed automation
Programmable automation
• Computer-aided manufacturing
• Numerically controlled
machines
Flexible automation
17
4
FACILITIES
LAYOUT
18
FACILITIES
LAYOUT
▹ LAYOUT
- the configuration of departments,
work centers, and equipment, with
particular emphasis on movement of
work (customers or materials) through
the system
19
FACILITIES
LAYOUT
▹ IMPORTANCE OF LAYOUT
DECISIONS
Requires substantial investments of
money and effort
Involves long-term commitments
Has significant impact on cost and
efficiency of short-term operations
20
FACILITIES
LAYOUT
▹ REASONS FOR REDESIGN OF
LAYOUT
Inefficient operations
Accidents or safety hazards
Changes in the volume of output or
mix of outputs
Changes in the methods or
equipment
21
FACILITIES
LAYOUT
▹ REASONS FOR REDESIGN OF
LAYOUT
Changes in the environmental or
other legal requirements
Morale problems
22
FACILITIES
LAYOUT
▹ TYPES OF LAYOUT
Product layout
-uses standardized processing
operations to achieve smooth,
rapid, high-volume flow
23
Product Layout
(sequential)
25
Process Layout
(functional)
Dept. A Dept. C Dept. E
27
FACILITIES
LAYOUT
▹ CELLULAR PRODUCTION
-which machines are grouped into a
cell that can process items that have
similar processing requirements
▹ GROUP TECHNOLOGY
-the grouping into part families of
items with similar design or
manufacturing characteristics
28
FACILITIES
LAYOUT
▹ OTHER SERVICE LAYOUTS
Warehouse and storage layouts
Retail layouts
Office layouts
29
5
DESIGNING
PRODUCT
LAYOUTS: LINE
BALANCING
30
DESIGNIN
G
PRODUCT ▹ LINE BALANCING
LAYOUTS:
-process of assigning tasks to
LINE
BALANCIN workstations in such a way that the
G workstations have approximately equal
time requirements
31
DESIGNIN
G
PRODUCT ▹ CYCLE TIME
LAYOUTS:
-maximum time allowed at each
LINE
BALANCIN workstation to complete its set of tasks
G on a unit
32
DETERMIN
E
MAXIMUM
OUTPUT Operating time per day
Output rate =
Cycle time
33
DETERMINE
THE
THEORITICA
L MINIMUM
NUMBER OF
STATIONS ( t)
NECESSARY
N min =
Cycle Time
t = sum of task times
34
DESIGNIN
G
PRODUCT ▹ PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM
LAYOUTS:
- tool used in line balancing to display
LINE
BALANCIN elemental tasks and sequence
G requirements
35
EXAMPLE
OF
PRECEDENC
E DIAGRAM
0.1 min. 1.0 min.
a b
c d e
0.7 min. 0.5 min. 0.2 min.
36
DESIGNIN
G
PRODUCT ▹ PERCENTAGE OF IDLE TIME
LAYOUTS:
- referred to as the balance delay
LINE
BALANCIN
G
37
CALCULATE
PERCENTAG
E OF IDLE
TIME
Idle time per cycle
Percent idle time =
(N)(CT)
38
DESIGNIN
G
PRODUCT ▹ HEURISTIC RULES
LAYOUTS: Assign tasks in order of most
LINE
BALANCIN
following tasks
G Assign tasks in order of greatest
positional weight (the sum of each
task’s time and the times of all
following tasks)
39
6
DESIGNING
PROCESS
LAYOUTS
40
DESIGNIN
G
PROCESS ▹ Layouts can be influenced by
LAYOUT external factors
Location entrance
Loading docks
Elevators
Windows
Reinforced flooring
41
DESIGNIN
G
PROCESS ▹ INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS
LAYOUT List of departments
Projection of work flows
Distance between locations
Amount of money to be invested
List of special considerations
Location of key utilities
42
Thank you for
listening!
43