HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

How Hydropower Plants Work

 Hydropower plants harness water's energy and use simple mechanics to convert that energy
into electricity. Hydropower plants are actually based on a rather simple concept -- water
flowing through a dam turns a turbine, which turns a generator.
 The water in the reservoir is considered stored energy. When the gates open, the water flowing
through the penstock becomes kinetic energy because it's in motion. The amount of electricity
that is generated is determined by several factors. Two of those factors are the volume of water
flow and the amount of hydraulic head. The head refers to the distance between the water
surface and the turbines. As the head and flow increase, so does the electricity generated. The
head is usually dependent upon the amount of water in the reservoir.
 How Hydroelectric Power
Plants Work
 APPLICATION OF THE POWER EQUATION:

P=Q γHE
Where: P = power in kilowatts (KW) Based on the stated values, the power equation is then reduced to the form
γ = Unit weight of water = 9.81 KN / m3 below:
Elevation of the river bottom = El. 293.24
Weir Height = 24 meters, m. including the 4-m. drum gate P=476.77 Q
Elevation weir crest = El. 293.49 + 24 m. = El. 317.49
Elevation powerhouse = El.245.7 m.
Elevation powerhouse tailrace = El.243.2 m.
Gross head, Hg = El.317.49 – El. 243.2 m. = 74.29 m.
Net head, Hn = 60 m.
Allowable head loss for hydraulic calculations = 14 m.
Efficiency of generator, Eg= 0.93
Efficiency of turbine, Et = 0.87
Ep = Et x Eg = 0.93 x 0.87= 0.81, also called product efficiency
Q = Discharge
 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Hydroelectric Power Plant

 Advantages
-No fuel is required as potential energy is stored water is used for electricity generation
-Neat and clean source of energy
-Very small running charges - as water is available free of cost
-Comparatively less maintenance is required and has longer life
-Serves other purposes too, such as irrigation
 Disadvantages
-Very high capital cost due to construction of dam
-High cost of transmission – as hydro plants are located in hilly areas which are quite away from the
consumers
Hydro plants are classified based
on their capacities

 micro-hydro - 1 to 100 kW
 mini-hydro - 101 kW to 10 MW
 large hydro - more than 10 MW
Types of Hydroelectric Power
Plants

 Impoundment
 Diversion
 Pumped storage
 IMPOUNDMENT

The most common type of hydroelectric power

plant is an impoundment facility. An
impoundment facility, typically a large
hydropower system, uses a dam to store river
water in a reservoir. Water released from the
reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it,
which in turn activates a generator to produce
electricity. The water may be released either to
meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a
constant reservoir level.
 DIVERSION

A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility

channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock.
It may not require the use of a dam.
 PUMP STORAGE

Another type of hydropower called pumped

storage works like a battery, storing the electricity
generated by other power sources like solar, wind, and
nuclear for later use. It stores energy by pumping water
uphill to a reservoir at higher elevation from a second
reservoir at a lower elevation. When the demand for
electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores
energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an
upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical
demand, the water is released back to the lower
reservoir and turns a turbine, generating electricity.
LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER
PLANT
 gate hoist
Intake gate

Intake trashrack Tunnel Inlet Surge tank

Tunnel Inlet
trashrack Penstock inlet
Valve

Desilting basin
Headrace tunnel
Anchor block
Anchor block

Shaddle

Power house
Exp. joint

DT end gate
IV G
Tailrace
SC

IV -inlet valve
R -turbine runner
SC -spiral case R
DT
G -generator

Typical Power House with Francis Turbine

The Components of Hydroelectric Power Plants
& How They Work

 Dam
 Water Reservoir
 Intake or Control Gates
 The Penstock
 Surge Tank
 Water Turbines
 Generators
The Components of Hydroelectric
Power Plants & How They Work

DAM
 The dam is constructed on a large river in
hilly areas to ensure sufficient water
storage at height. The dam forms a large
reservoir behind it. The height of water level
(called as water head) in the reservoir
determines how much of potential energy
is stored in it
 The Components of Hydroelectric
Power Plants & How They Work
Water Reservoir
 The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where
water is stored. The water in the reservoir is located higher
than the rest of the dam structure. The height of water in the
reservoir decides how much potential energy the water
possesses. The higher the height of water, the more its
potential energy. The high position of water in the reservoir
also enables it to move downwards effortlessly.
 The height of water in the reservoir is higher than the natural
height of water flowing in the river, so it is considered to
have an altered equilibrium. This also helps to increase the
overall potential energy of water, which helps ultimately
produce more electricity in the power generation unit.
 The Components of Hydroelectric
Power Plants & How They Work
Intake or Control Gates
 These are the gates built on the inside of the
dam. The water from reservoir is released and
controlled through these gates. These are
called inlet gates because water enters the
power generation unit through these gates.
When the control gates are opened the water
flows due to gravity through the penstock and
towards the turbines. The water flowing through
the gates possesses potential as well as kinetic
energy.
 The Components of Hydroelectric
Power Plants & How They Work
Penstock
 The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that
carries the water flowing from the reservoir
towards the power generation unit, comprised
of the turbines and generator. The water in the
penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its
motion and potential energy due to its height.
The total amount of power generated in the
hydroelectric power plant depends on the
height of the water reservoir and the amount
of water flowing through the penstock. The
amount of water flowing through the penstock
is controlled by the control gates.
 The Components of Hydroelectric
Power Plants & How They Work
Surge Tank
 Surge tanks are usually provided in high or
medium head power plants when considerably
long penstock is required. A surge tank is a small
reservoir or tank which is open at the top. It is
fitted between the reservoir and the power house.
The water level in the surge tank rises or falls to
reduce the pressure swings in the penstock. When
there is sudden reduction in load on the turbine,
the governor closes the gates of the turbine to
reduce the water flow. This causes pressure to
increase abnormally in the penstock. This is
prevented by using a surge tank, in which the
water level rises to reduce the pressure. On the
other hand, the surge tank provides excess water
needed when the gates are suddenly opened to
meet the increased load demand.
 The Components of Hydroelectric
Power Plants & How They Work
Water Turbines
 Water from the penstock is taken into the water
turbine. The turbine is mechanically coupled to
an electric generator. Kinetic energy of the
water drives the turbine and consequently the
generator gets driven. There are two main types
of water turbine; (i) Impulse turbine and (ii)
Reaction turbine. Impulse turbines are used for
large heads and reaction turbines are used for
low and medium heads.
 The Components of Hydroelectric
Power Plants & How They Work
Generators
 A generator is mounted in the power house
and it is mechanically coupled to the turbine
shaft. When the turbine blades are rotated, it
drives the generator and electricity is
generated which is then stepped up with the
help of a transformer for the transmission
purpose.
 Types of Water Turbines

There are two main types of hydro turbines: impulse and reaction. The type of hydropower turbine selected for a
project is based on the height of standing water—referred to as "head"—and the flow, or volume of water, at the site.
Other deciding factors include how deep the turbine must be set, efficiency, and cost
 IMPULSE TURBINE
-Pelton
-Cross-Flow
 REACTION TURBINE
-Propeller
-Bulb Turbine
-Straflo
-Tube Turbine
-Kaplan
-Francis
-Kinetic
Impulse Turbine

 The impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the

water to move the runner and discharges to
atmospheric pressure. The water stream hits each
bucket on the runner. There is no suction on the down
side of the turbine, and the water flows out the bottom
of the turbine housing after hitting the runner. An
impulse turbine is generally suitable for high head, low
flow application
Impulse Turbine

 PELTON
A pelton wheel has one or more free jets
discharging water into an aerated space and
impinging on the buckets of a runner. Draft tubes
are not required for impulse turbine since the
runner must be located above the maximum
tailwater to permit operation at atmospheric
pressure.
Impulse Turbine

 Cross-Flow
A cross-flow turbine is drum-shaped and uses an
elongated, rectangular-section nozzle directed
against curved vanes on a cylindrically shaped
runner. It resembles a "squirrel cage" blower. The
cross-flow turbine allows the water to flow
through the blades twice. The first pass is when
the water flows from the outside of the blades to
the inside; the second pass is from the inside
back out. A guide vane at the entrance to the
turbine directs the flow to a limited portion of the
runner. The cross-flow was developed to
accommodate larger water flows and lower
heads than the Pelton.
Reaction Turbine

 Propeller
A propeller turbine generally has a runner with three to six blades in which the water
contacts all of the blades constantly. Picture a boat propeller running in a pipe.
Through the pipe, the pressure is constant; if it isn't, the runner would be out of
balance. The pitch of the blades may be fixed or adjustable. The major components
besides the runner are a scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube. There are several
different types of propeller turbines:
Bulb Turbine
The turbine and generator are a sealed unit placed directly in the water stream.
Straflo
The generator is attached directly to the perimeter of the turbine.
Tube Turbine
The penstock bends just before or after the runner, allowing a straight line connection
to the generator.
Kaplan
Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable, allowing for a wider range of
operation.
Impulse Turbine

 Francis Turbine
A Francis turbine has a runner with fixed
buckets (vanes), usually nine or more. Water
is introduced just above the runner and all
around it and then falls through, causing it to
spin. Besides the runner, the other major
components are the scroll case, wicket
gates, and draft tube.
 Impulse Turbine

 Kinetic Energy/ Free flow Turbine

Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow
turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic
energy present in flowing water rather than
the potential energy from the head. The
systems may operate in rivers, man-made
channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents.
Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's
natural pathway. They do not require the
diversion of water through manmade
channels, riverbeds, or pipes, although they
might have applications in such conduits.
Kinetic systems do not require large civil
works; however, they can use existing
structures such as bridges, tailraces and
channels.
 VILLASIGA-I MHEPP – SALIENT FEATURE
Type of Hydro : Run-of-River
Scheme : Dam/Weir-Headrace/Tunnel/Surge Tank/Penstock-
Powerhouse
Location
• Province : Antique , Panay Island
• Municipality : Bugasong
• Sitio/Barangay :Villasiga, Igsoro
• Main Source : Paliuan River
• Diversion : 2,767 kms of conveying line along the hillside of Paliuan
River
Hydrology
• Watershed Area : 71.98 square kilometers
• Coverage : The mountain ranges of Dumara & Songgong

Annual Energy Gen : 32,436,000 Kwhr

Intake Area
• Type : Rubble Masonry Overflow Weir
• Measurements : Weir Height - 20.0 mts
Weir Length – 55.0 mts
Drum Gates Height – 4.0 mts

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Conveyance:
• Headrace RC : Total Length – 1,614.681 mts
Barrel
Dimension: : Inside Dimension – 2.45 x 3.30 mts
: Outside Dimension – 3.01 x 3.86 mts

• Tunnel (A & B) : Total Length – 952.024 mts

Dimension: : Inside Dimension – 3.25 x 3.475 mts
: Outside Dimension – 3.65 x 3.875 mts

• Headrace : Total Length – 200.00 mts

Steel Pipe Line
Dimension: : Diameter of Steel Pipe – 3.00 mts

Surge Tank:
Dimension: : Height of Tank – 23.926 mts
: Diameter of Tank – 12.744 mts

Penstock Line : Length of Steel Pipe – 80.424 mts

Dimension: : Diameter of Steel Pipe – 2.3 mts

Powerhouse
Dimension: : Floor Area – 19.20 x 46.90 mts
: Finish Gradient Elev – 249.23 m a s l
Electro-Mechanical
Equipment

• Type of Turbine : Horizontal Francis

• Rated Capacity : 8,080.00 KW

• No. of Units : 2x3,600 KW + 1 x800 KW ( 8,000 KW or 8.0 Mega Watts )

• Rated Net Head : 60.0 meters

• Flow : 15.554 cu. meter per second

• Generator Speed : 514.3 RPM and 900 RPM

• Transmission • 27 kms. 69 KV Line from Powerhouse to Bugasong

Line Revenue Metering Station
• 80 meters Line from Bugasong Revenue Metering
Station to ANTECO 10MVA Substation
• 50 meters Line from Bugasong Revenue Metering
Station to NGCP – Culasi San Jose Line
POWERHOUSE BUILDING
POWERHOUSE BUILDING

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Surge Tank
Height of Tank – 23.926 m
Diameter of Tank – 12.744 m

Penstock Line
Diameter - 2.30 m
Angle of Inclination – 69 degrees 31’
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Unit 1

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Unit 2

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Unit 3

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Unit 1,2 and 3 LAVT(Lightning
Arrester & Voltage Transformer) and
NGT Panels
NGT: 4.16kV/110V
5.5 kVA

LA: *4kV, 10kA

*ET: 3kVA, 1Ph, 4.16kV/150V
CONTROL ROOM
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SF6 Circuit Breaker
DAM SITE
SLUICE GATES HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS
DAM DOWN STREAM

DAM UPSTREAM
DAM CONTROL ROOMS
HYDRAULIC UNITS FOR SLUICE GATES ANG INTAKE GATE
69 KV Transmission Line
From Villasiga-I MHEPP to Bugasong Station

Almost 27 km from Pole No.1 to Pole 235

69 KV Transmission Line

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BUGASONG REVENUE
METERING STATION
BUGASONG REVENUE
METERING STATION
BUGASONG REVENUE METERING STATION
BUGASONG REVENUE METERING STATION
BUGASONG REVENUE METERING
STATION
BUGASONG
REVENUE
METERING
STATION

VMHEPP 1-NGCP SLD

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