ANIMAL TISSUES

JOSHUA D. MARCIAL, MD (CHAR)

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• classify different cell types (plant/animal
tissue) and specify the functions of each.
• describe some cell modifications that lead
to adaptation to carry out specialized
functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair).
WHAT ARE TISSUES?
 TYPES OF TISSUES
1. Epithelial Tissues
2. Connective Tissues
3. Muscular Tissues
4. Nervous Tissues
 EPITHELIAL TISSUES
• commonly seen outside the body as
coverings or as linings of organs and
cavities.
• characterized by closely-joined cells with
tight junctions.
• serve as barriers for pathogens,
mechanical injuries, and fluid loss.
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
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 SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CELLS
• tissue made up of cube-shaped cells, which is
involved in secreting (producing and
releasing) and absorbing substances in
various glands and ducts throughout the body.
• mostly found in the lining of glands (organs
that produce substances), and is not
common on exposed surfaces.

Examples: Ducts of sweat glands, Bile duct

Follicles of thyroid gland, Pancreas, Liver
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 SIMPLE COLUMNAR CELLS
• Cells are always taller than their width and
they have cilia or microvilli at the apex of
these cells that are often specialized for
absorption .
• functions mainly in absorption and
secretion with those having cilia helping in
the generation of current across the
epithelium .
• found lining the oviduct, gall bladder, renal
collecting ducts and many other ducts of
the body.
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 SIMPLE SQUAMOUS CELLS
• single sheet of cells joined together by flat
cells called squamous cells that line the
serous cavities of bodies and the lumen of
blood vessels.
• The simple squamous epithelial tissue is
generally found in areas of the body that
require quick transport of molecules across
cytoplasm or protection in many layers.
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 STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
CELLS
• consists of cell layers in which the
superficial layer consists of squamous
epithelial cells while the underlying cell
layers have various types of cells. The
deepest layer is made up of columnar
cells.
• protect the tissues and organs they cover
as they are continually exposed to stress
and friction. The ability of the stratified
squamous epithelium to regenerate quickly
helps it to best serve this function.
• parts of the body having frequently friction
such as the mouth, skin, vagina and
cornea.
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 PSEUDO-STRATIFIED
COLUMNAR CELLS
• tissues formed by a single layer of cells
that give the appearance of being made
from multiple layers, especially when seen
in cross section.
• The nuclei of these epithelial cells are at
different levels leading to the illusion of
being stratified.
• This tissue is found in regions where there
is a need to secrete mucus to trap foreign
bodies and sweep those particles away
through the coordinated action of cilia.
 CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• tissue that connects, supports, binds, or
separates other tissues or organs, typically
having relatively few cells embedded in an
amorphous matrix, often with collagen or
other fibers, and including cartilaginous,
fatty, and elastic tissues.
 TYPES OF
CONNECTIVE
TISSUES
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 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• the most common type of connective
tissue.
• It holds organs in place and attaches
epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues.
• Loose connective tissues provide support,
flexibility, and strength required to support
internal organs and structures such as
blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
 THREE TYPES OF LCT
1. Collagenous Fibers
2. Elastic Fibers
3. Reticular Fibers
 COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
• made of collagen and consist
of bundles of fibrils that are
coils of collagen molecules.
• help to strengthen connective
tissue.
 ELASTIC FIBERS
• made of the protein elastin
and are stretchable.
• They help to give connective
tissue elasticity.
 RETICULAR FIBERS
• join connective tissues to
other tissues. Crosslink to
form a fine meshwork
(reticulin).
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 Dense Connective Tissue
• dense or fibrous connective tissue, which
can be found in tendons and ligaments.
• composed of large amounts of closely
packed collagenous fibers.
• It is thicker and stronger than loose
connective tissue and forms a protective
capsule layer around organs such as the
liver and kidneys.
 TYPES OF DCT
1. Dense Regular
2. Dense Irregular
3. Elastic
 DENSE REGULAR
• Tendons and ligaments are
examples of dense regular
connective tissue. Provides
connection between
different tissues.
 DENSE IRREGULAR
• Much of the dermis layer of
the skin is composed of dense
irregular connective tissue. The
membrane capsule
surrounding several organs is
also dense irregular tissue.
 ELASTIC
• These tissues enable stretching
in structures such as arteries,
vocal cords, the trachea, and
bronchial tubes in the lungs.
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 SPECIALIZED C.T.
• include a number of different tissues with
specialized cells and unique ground
substances. Some of these tissues are
solid and strong, while others are fluid and
flexible.
 ADIPOSE TISSUE
• form of loose connective tissue
that stores fat.
• Adipose lines organs and body
cavities to protect organs and
insulate the body against heat
loss. Adipose tissue also
produces endocrine hormones.
 CARTILAGE
• form of fibrous connective tissue that is
composed of closely packed collagenous
fibers in a rubbery gelatinous substance
called chondrin.
• provides flexible support for
certain structures in adult
humans including the nose,
trachea, and ears.
• The skeletons of sharks and
human embryos are
composed of cartilage.
 BONE
• type of mineralized
connective tissue that
contains collagen and
calcium phosphate, a
mineral crystal. Calcium
phosphate gives bone its
firmness.
 BLOOD
• considered to be a type of connective
tissue.
• it does have an extracellular matrix.
• The matrix consists of the plasma with
red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets suspended in the plasma.
 LYMPH
• This clear fluid originates from blood
plasma that exits blood vessels at capillary
beds.
• A component of the lymphatic system,
lymph contains immune system cells that
protect the body against pathogens.
 MUSCLE TISSUES
• specialized tissue found in animals which
functions by contracting, thereby applying
forces to different parts of the body.
• consists of fibers of muscle cells connected
together in sheets and fibers.
 TYPES OF M.T.
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle
 SKELETAL MUSCLE
• known as voluntary muscle because we
can consciously, or voluntarily, control it in
response to input by nerve cells.
• referred to as striated ("striped") because
it has a microscopically streaked or striped
appearance.
 CARDIAC MUSCLE
• only found in the heart, and although it is
striated like skeletal muscle, it functions
involuntarily.
• autorhythmic-they are capable of
contracting spontaneously without nervous
or hormonal stimulation.
 SMOOTH MUSCLE
• widely distributed throughout the body,
being found in the walls of hollow organs
such as our digestive, reproductive, and
urinary tracts, tubes such as blood vessels
and airways.
• It gets its name because it lacks the striped
appearance that skeletal and cardiac
muscle display microscopically.
• known as visceral muscle because it is a
major component of many internal
(visceral) organs.
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 NERVOUS TISSUES
• groups of organized cells in the nervous
system, which is the organ system that
controls the body’s movements, sends and
carries signals to and from the different
parts of the body, and has a role in
controlling bodily functions such as
digestion.
 TWO TYPES
1. Neurons
2. Neuroglia/Glial Cells
 NEURONS
• sensitive to various types of stimuli such as
heat / cold, light / dark, pressure. They
transmit electrical nerve impulses thereby
moving information around the body.
• Each neuron consists of an enlarged part
called the cell body (or 'perikaryon') which
contains of nucleus of the cell and many
'processes' called dendrites that extend
away from the cell body and are important
because they receive the (electrical signals
called) nerve impulses.
 NEUROGLIA
• sometimes known as simply 'glia‘.
• They are not sensitive to stimuli and so do
not generate or conduct nerve impulses.
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END