Periodic Table

Patterns in Element Properties

 Some elements exhibit similar chemical and

physical properties. For example, lithium (Li),
sodium (Na), and Potassium (K) can all
combine in a 1:1 ratio easily with Chlorine.
Elements With Similar Properties

 The elements chlorine, bromine, and iodine

look very different from each other. But each
forms a similar-looking while solid when it
reacts with sodium.
John Newlands Noticed a Periodic
Pattern
 In 1865, an English chemist, John Newlands,
arranged the known elements according to their
properties and in order of increasing atomic mass.
 He noticed that all of the elements in a given row
had similar properties, and they repeated every 8
elements (he called this the law of octaves).
Newlands’ Table

 In Newland’s time, determining atomic

weights was based on comparing other elements
to the lightest element
(hydrogen). Some of the elements were
given inaccurate values. .
 Newland was ridiculed by other chemists who felt
the table he created was not reliable. He could not
get his papers published and returned as chief
chemist in a sugar factory and later opened a
chemical business with his brother.
Dmitri Mendeleev Invented the First
Periodic Table
 In 1869, a Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev
produced the first orderly arrangement
(periodic table) of all 63 elements known at
the time.
Mendeleev—the Father of
the Periodic Table
 Mendeleev (1834-1907) rose from very poor
beginnings to a position of a renowned Russian
chemist in the 19th century. He wrote down
information on each element on cards. He
ranked the elements from lightest to heaviest.
 Mendeleev also put the elements into a table
according to their properties. He started a new
row each time he noticed that the chemical
properties of the elements repeated.
Mendeleev Correctly Predicted the
Gaps
 Mendeleev’s Table contains gaps that
elements with particular properties should
fill.
 He correctly predicted the
properties of the missing
elements. He even gave them
provisional names. These
elements were eventually
discovered.
Henry Moseley

 A young English chemist, Henry Moseley,

discovered that the elements should be organized
according to their atomic numbers, not their
atomic weights as was done before.
 When Moseley studied the lines in
the X-ray spectra of 38 different
elements, he found that the
wavelength of the lines decreased
in a regular manner as atomic
number increased.
Henry Moseley

 Henry Moseley lost his life in 1915

during World War I at the Gallipoli
battle in Turkey at the age of 27 and
is buried there. His death has been called
one of the greatest
tragedies of WWI
because he was such
a brilliant chemist.
The Periodic Law

 The Periodic Law

states that when the
elements are arranged
according to their
atomic numbers,
elements
with similar properties
appear at regular
intervals.
Organization of the Periodic Table

 Elements in each column of the table have

the same number of electrons in their outer
energy level.
 These electrons are called valence electrons.
Valence Electrons

 The outer energy level electrons in an atom

are the ones that participate in chemical
reactions with other atoms.
 Elements with the same number of valence
electrons react in similar ways.
Groups

 A vertical column on the periodic table is

called a group. (These are also called
families.) These exhibit similar properties.
Relationship between Groups and
Electron Configuration:
 The group an element belongs to is determined by
the last notation in its’ electron configuration.
 For example, all elements that end in s1 have the
same properties and are in the same group.
Periods

 A horizontal row on the periodic table is

called a period. Elements in the same period
have the same number of occupied energy
levels.
Blocks of Elements

 The Periodic Table is organized into blocks—

each corresponding to the sublevels. (S, P, D,
and F)