Welcome to the Knowledge Sharing Session on

“PLUMBING TECHNOLOGY”
 “PLUMBING TECHNOLOGY”

Part-01: Introduction to Plumbing System

Facilitator:
Md. Saeedul Hoque Vaskar
Introduction
The word plumbing derived from Latin word “Plumbum” means lead.
Definition:
Plumbing is the art and science of designing, installing and maintaining of
pipes, fixtures, equipment and its accessories for controlled flow of fluids (water,
gas and water conveying waste) required in a building and its premise.

Efficient laying out of pipes and using

befitting fittings is the art of plumbing.
Selecting appropriate pipe, equipment,
accessories and its installation and
maintaining is the science.

Basic objectives:
Supplying accepted quality and adequate
quantity of water
Disposing of liquid wastes sanitarily and
quickly. is not “PIPING” only
Scope Of Plumbing Works
A. Water supply system for
1. Human consumption like drinking, Culinary purpose, washing and bathing.
Three nature of water are supplied in buildings
i. Cold water
ii.. Hot water temperature varies from 40 0C to 80 0C
iii. Chilled water.
2. Fire fighting by water jetting on fire.
I. Dry riser system
Ii. Wet riser system
3. Recreational purpose e.g. for swimming pools, fountains, water falls etc.
B. Waste disposal from buildings.
Conveying human excreta wastes by flushing water and flowing
wastewater sanitarily through pipes to safe disposal point.
C. Rainwater management
Utilizing maximum rainwater for human consumption and other
purposes and disposing of the rest
D. Gas supply For using as fuel and live saving gas supply in
hospitals, clinics etc.
Importance Of Plumbing
1. Plumbing related with environment
particularly water environment.

2. Faulty plumbing can pose health

hazard and endanger life
3. Plumbing is concern of energy and resource
saving.
4. Plumbing can cause loss of
property.
5. Plumbing is an indicator of development.

Important:
WHO endorsed plumbing as a concern of keeping good
health and published a guideline titled as “Plumbing
and Health” in 2005.PLUMBING AND ENVIRONMENT
 Pipes
1. Ferrous metal pipe: Iron pipe, Cast iron pipe and Steel pipe.
2. Copper.
3. Plastic.

Galvanized Iron (G.I) pipe: Galvanizing is done by dipping the clean surfaced
iron pipes into molten pure zinc. Galvanized iron pipes are used mainly for
preventing pipe from corrosion. In aggressive corrosive conditions, galvanized
iron pipes should not be used.
GI pipes are connected mostly by threaded joints. Welding of galvanized pipe
should be avoided since it results in emission of a toxic gas from the zinc
coating.

Cast iron pipes

Cast iron (short as CI ) is defined as iron alloys having 3 to 4 percent carbon
and small amount of sulfur, phosphorous silicon and manganese. CI pipes
are grouped into two types
01. CI water pipe and 02. CI soil pipe.
Pipes (contd…)
Cast iron soil pipe is manufactured in 4 (four) varieties
1. Standard pipe. 2. Single hub (bell).
3. Double hub (bell) 4. Hubless.

Steel pipe: Steel pipe may be used for water lines, where larger diameter
and high pressure resistance is needed. Characterized as high strength,
ability to yield without breaking and great resistance to shock.
Steel pipe is subjected to deposits of salt and lime, corroded by alkaline and
acidic water.. Protective coating includes paint, coal tar enamel, and
wrapping. Interior linings may be either coal tar enamel or cement mortars.
Steel pipes of the larger sizes are made from steel plate bent to circular
form; the edges of the plate being either lap welded or butt-welded.
Steel pipes are usually connected by threaded joints and grooved joints.
Pipes (contd…)
Plastic Pipe: Plastics are a family of man-made materials developed from
synthetic organic chemicals like oil, natural gas, coal and cellulose (from
wood fibers). These raw materials are made into resins. Tests indicated that
plastic pipe may last for 30 years under favorable condition.
Broadly plastic pipes are of two types:
A. Rigid and B. Flexible type.

Rigid type plastic pipe: Various types of rigid plastic pipes used in
plumbing system.
1. Unplastisized polyvinyle chloride (uPVC) pipe.
3. Clorinated polyvinyle chloride (CPVC) pipe.
4. Acrylonitrite Butadiene Styrene (ABS) pipe.
5. Poly propylene (PP) pipe.
6. Styrene Rubber (SR) pipe.
Pipes (contd…)
uPVC pipe: Manufactured by plastic resins extruded in special machines
under closed temperature control and manufacturing process. uPVC pipes
are suitable for temperature up to 60ºc ( ºF ). These pipes should not be
installed exposed to direct sunlight due to its high co-efficient of thermal
expansion which is 7 x 10.5 mm /m/ ºc and loss of strength. Rigidly fixed
pipes may deform due to high thermal expansion. As a result joint may start
leaking. So provision for pipe expansion should be kept in the piping system

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe :CPVC pipes are useful for
handing high temperature, corrosives fluids, having a maximum service
temperature of 99 ºc (210 ºF). It has good chemical resistance like PVC
pipes. These pipes are also recommended for hot and cold water lines and
for process piping for the hot corrosive liquids.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) pipe: ABS pipes has high impact
strength, is very tough and can be used at temperatures up to 180º F. It has
lower chemical resistance and lower design strength than PVC pipes. These
pipes are generally used in conveying water for irrigation, gas transmission,
draining wastes and venting. Solvent welding and threading are the
recommended process for jointing these pipes.
Pipe Fittings

1. For jointing pipes: Nipple, Coupling, Unions.

2. For reducing or enlarging the diameter of pipes: Reducers, Bushing.
3. For changing direction of pipe run: Elbows , Offset.
4. For Branching: Tee, Y-branch, Crosses, Side outlet elbows.
5. For shut off or closing a pipe :Plug, Cap, Flange
Drainage Pipe Fittings

Long
Sweep 90 450 Reduc Offse
Elbow Elbow elbow er t

2”
Sea
P-Trap l
Y-CO T-Y CO
Clean-out

Tee(T
+ = Wye Tee(T)-
Upright Y
) (y) Wye (y) Double T-
Y
Pipe Joint: CI Pipe Lead Joint
1. Make the hub (bell) and spigot ends of the pipes dry and clean.
2. Assemble the pipes by inserting the spigot end into the bell to its full depth.
3. Yarn and pack oakum into the annular space around the pipe inserted into
the bell, to a depth of 1 inch from the top of bell.
4. In vertical pipe joint, pour the molten lead with a ladle into the remaining
space. Fill the space in one pour. In horizontal pipe joint, an asbestos running
rope is placed around the pipe and clamped tightly at the top, forming a
passage for pouring lead. A wad of oakum is placed under the clamp to retain
the lead up to the top of the bell. The lead is then poured into the passage,
filling the joint to the top. The running rope is removed when the lead solidifies.
5. As the molten lead gets hardened it is caulked with light taps to compensate
for shrinkage of lead as it cools. The neck of excess lead left in the pouring
access is cut off with chisel and hammer.
 CI PIPE
JOINT
0.35” GAP

CEMENT BEVELLED
MORTER
LEAD OR
VIRTUALLY CEMENT
NO OR MORTER
LITTLE GAP
CAULKED
BELL OF BELL ID 5.20”
HEM
CI PIPE
PIPE OD 4.5”

PIPE ID 4.0”

IMPERFECT JOINT PERFECT JOINT

Pipe Joint: Threaded & Tapered
Joints are made taper thread joint for making up tight and leak-proof. The
tapering of thread is usually 20 mm per 300 mm of thread length.
1. The pipe shall be cut square by properly securing the pipe in the vise jaw.
2. Ream the inside of the cut to remove the burr often left by the cutting tool.
3. Thread the pipe with a die to the proper length while lubricating the die.
4. After threading remove the die and wipe the thread clean.
5. Apply the pipe joint compound to the male threads only.
6. Twist the fitting onto the pipe thread by hand and then tighten the joint with
the help of pipe wrench.

Threaded Joint compound: Pipe thread compounds or sealant is made of

filler materials held together by grease, oil, and resinous or plastic binder.
Linseed oil is used as a binder in the preparation of some thread
compounds. Calcium carbonate, silicates, lead or Barium oxide powder are
suitable for many applications. Barium oxide is chemically inert within the
compound.
 Number of Threads in Pipe.

SL. Nominal Threads Approximate Approximate Approximate total

No. pipe size per inch length of thread number of thread makeup, hand
(Inches) (Inches) threads to be cut and wrench (Inches)

1 1/ 14 3/ 10 7/
2 4 16

2 3/ 14 3/ 10 1/
4 4 2

3 1 111/2 7/
8 10 9/
16

4 11/4 111/2 1 11 9/
16

5 11/2 111/2 1 11 9/
16

6 2 111/2 1 11 5/
8

7 21/2 8 11/2 12 7/
8

8 3 8 11/2 12 1

9 4 8 15/8 13 11/16

10 6 8 13/4 14 13/16

Pipe fitting of 50 mm dia and smaller size shall be of threaded end type and fitting of 65 mm
dia and larger shall be of flanged end type.
Plastic Pipe Joint: Solvent (Weld) Joint
01.Cut pipe squarely using a meter box or a sharp tube cutter with special
blade for plastics.
02.Remove all burrs by using debarring tool or knife and make the end smooth.
03. Check for good interface fit and select the ideal fittings.
04. Make the jointing surface of pipe and fittings clean and dry.
05. Apply appropriate primer first to the inside of the fittings and then to the
outside of the pipe end portion, which will remain inserted into the fitting.
06.Insert the pipe into the socket immediately before the solvent cement
evaporates. While pushing make a quarter turn of the pipe. Next hold the
joint together firmly for about 10 seconds.
07. Wipe off the excess solvent cement with a clean rag.
Supporting Vertical Pipes

Recommended pipe support spacing for pipes of different materials and various
diameters.

SL Pipe diameter, Pipe support spacing, meter (ft)

No mm (in)
.
Steel Copper Brass Plasti
c

1 40 (11/2) and 3.0 (10 ) 1.8 (6 ) 2.4 (8) 1.2

smaller (4)

2 50 (2) and larger 3.0 (10 ) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10) 1.2
(4)
Size of Hanger roads
Hanger rods shall be sufficiently strong to withstand the pipe including its
content.

Size of hanger rod

Sl.no Pipe diameter mm(in) Size of rod mm(in)

01 12(1/2) - 50(2) 10(3/8)

02 62 (21/2) - 100(4) 12 (1/2)

03 125(50) - 150(6) 16(5/80)

04 Larger than 150(6) 20(3/4)

Water Supply Pipe Joint Testing: Water Test
01. Install bib cocks at the two ends of the piping system to be tested. One for
filling water into the piping and other for evacuating air from the piping.
02. Cap and make watertight all openings kept for connecting faucets or
fixtures with the piping.
03. Fill the piping by potable water through one bib cock, keeping the other bib
cock open. When the system is full of water and all air.?
04. Increase the pressure in the system by a hand pump so that it is not less
then the following: a. One and a half times the pressure at which the piping
system will be operated. Or b. 125 psi.
05. Sustain the pressure with the system for about three hours. If the pressure
remains the same then the system is watertight.
Pressure Developing Instrument for Pipe
Joint testing

Pump handle

Reciprocating
Pump

Bucket containing water

Ball Valve

Pressure Gauge
Suction end
Delivery end
Connected to
pipe
Disinfecting Water Supply Piping
Before using water from newly installed or partly replaced plumbing
system, the full piping system shall be disinfected, which is seldom
practiced.
Cleaning and Disinfecting the system: suggested chlorination by
50mg/liter chlorinated water for 24 hrs and 200mg/1iter for 3 hrs.
After chlorination total system shall be flushed till removal of chlorine.
Bleaching powder (CaOCl2) is produced by directing chlorine
through calcium hydroxide (CaOH). When bleaching powder dissolves, it reacts
with water to produce hypochloric acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ions (OCl-).
Disinfection time with chlorinated water of chlorine concentration 1 mg/L (1
ppm) at pH = 7,5 and T = 25 °C to kill various pathogenic organisms.
E. coli 0157 H7 bacterium < 1 minute
Hepatitis A virus about 16 minutes
Giardia parasite about 45 minutes
Cryptosporidium about 9600 minutes (6,7 days)
The maximum chlorine concentration allowed is 5 mg/L. The residual free
chlorine should exceed 0,5 mg/L after at least 30 minutes of contact time at a
pH value of 8 or less. (WHO, Guidelines for drinking water quality. 3e editie);
The maximum residual chlorine allowed is 4 mg/L(USA).
Valve

Valves are mechanical devices used in water works for controlling flow of
water into the pipe. Different types of valves generally used are:

01. On-Off valves: Gate valve, Sluice valve, Butterfly valve , Ball valve etc.
02. Non return valves: Reflux valve, Lift check valve and swing check valve.
03. Flow throttling valve: Globe valve, Angle globe valve, Screw valve
04. Pressure controlling valves: Pressure reducing valve, Constant flow valve
05. Air release valve and Air entrain valve.
06. Wash out valves : Scour valve, Blow off valve
07. Safety valves : Temperature and pressure relief (T&P) valve.
 Valves

GATE VALVES GLOBE VALVE SWING CHECK VALVES

Ball Valve
Butterfly
Valve

Float Valve
Float Valves
Float Valves Float Valves -
- Male Inlet Female Inlet

Inlet Size Rod Size Inlet Size Rod Size

Needed Needed

1/2" 1/4"-20 1" 5/16"-18

3/4" 1/4"-20 1 1/2" 3/8"-16

2" 3/8"-16
Faucets

Faucets are mechanical devices used for controlling flow of water from pipe.
Different faucets for different uses are listed below.
01. Bib cock : For using without any fixture
02. Pillar cock: Faucet used in basin , Lavatory
03. Angle stop cock and Stop cock :For stopping flow of water into fixtures.
04. Single hole Basin Mixture
. :Used in basin where hot water is supplied.
.
05. Bath and shower mixture: For supplying hot and cold water for shower.
06. Swivel pillar cock: The spout can be moved left or right side.

07. Elbow action pillar or bib cock : Used for avoiding contamination of hand.

08. Self closing Pillar cock: Mainly used in basins of public toilets