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Parasite Control
FAMACHA©
and Smart Drenching
Southern Consortium for Small Ruminant
Parasite Control
Topics
• The problem
• The parasites; where we are and why
• Biology of important GI Parasites
• Dewormers – a quick review
• What can we do?
– “Smart Drenching”
– FAMACHA
The Big Problem facing
producers
• Anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance is
considered a major threat to the
current and future control of parasites
of ruminants and horses
– Worldwide phenomena
– The prevalence of multi-drug resistant
worms is extremely high in many areas
of the world
What is “Resistance”?
• The ability of certain worms in a population to
survive drug treatments that are generally
effective against the same worm species and
stage of infection
– Caused by changes in levels of “resistance”
genes carried by worms in a population
– Result of drug treatment that produces genetic
selection of resistant worms in a population of
worms
Dewormer Resistance
History of the Problem
• Age of modern dewormers
– Effective, broad-spectrum, cheap, safe
• Over-reliance on dewormers
– Addiction to drugs, improper use of dewormers
– Loss of common sense approaches
– Belief there will always be a new drug
• No new drug classes introduced since 1981
– We have what we have !!!!
• New anthelmintic announced by Novartis in 2007, but
will not be available for many years to come
Where Do Resistant
Worms Come From ??
• Resistance is an inevitable consequence of using any particular drug
to kill worms
– “Resistant” worms – worms that can survive drug treatment,
actually exist prior to the first use of a drug
– Treatment eliminates worms whose genes render them
susceptible to the drug
– Parasites that are resistant survive and pass on their “resistant”
genes to their offspring
• Over time with continued treatment, more and more resistant
worms build up in the population
– High level of animal movement spreads resistant worms (Animals
shipped from state to state or country to country carry their worm
infections with them)
Parents Selection for
Drug
Resistance
Next Generation
Drug Treatment
Susceptible
Resistant
Resistant
Changes in “Resistance” Genes
in Response to Drug Selection
Worms that Are
Percent of
Resistant
Worm Generations
(exposed to repeated treatments)
Southern Consortium for Small
Ruminant Parasite Control
Dr. Ray Kaplan, UGA, GA
Mr. Bob Storey, UGA, GA
Ms. Sue Howell, UGA, GA
A Fresh Approach Is Needed!
Dr. Lisa Williamson, UGA, GA
Dr. Tom Terrill, FVSU, GA
Dr. Will Getz, FVSU, GA
Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini, FVSU, GA
www.scsrpc.org
Dr. Jim Miller, LSU, LA
www.wormx.org
Dr. Joan Burke, USDA-ARS, AR
Dr. Jorge Mosjidis, AU, AL
Dr. Elide Valencia, UPR, PR
Dr. Anne Zajac, VT, VA
Dr. Stephan Wildeus, VSU, VA
Dr. Steve Hart, LU, OK
Dr. Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, NC St, NC
Dr. Jim Muir, TAMU, TX
Dr. Dahlia Jackson, DSU, DE
Dr. Niki Whitley, UMES, MD
Ms. Susan Schoenian, WMREC, MD
Mr. Stuart Weiss, UVI, St. Croix
Ms. Linda Coffey, NCAT, ATTRA
Ms. Margo Hale, NCAT, ATTRA
Dr. Adriano Vatta, OVI, South Africa
Dr. Jan van Wyk, U Pretoria South Africa
Dr. Gareth Bath, U Pretoria South Africa
SCSRPC Projects
www.scsrpc.org www.wormx.org
L3
L3
L1
L2 L3
Haemonchus contortus
(Barber Pole Worm)
• PUBLIC ENEMY NUMBER ONE for small ruminant farmers
• Literally a blood sucking worm
• Very prolific – one adult female can produce 5000 eggs per day
• Short life cycle – about 3 weeks from time of infection until eggs are
produced
• Preys on the weak, young, pregnant, or lactating animal
• Developing resistance to all classes of dewormers
Haemonchus contortus
Anemia
“Bottle Jaw
Why is H. contortus Such
a Problem ???
• Evolved in tropics
– thrives in warm/wet climates
• Long transmission season in southern states
• Short life cycle
• Goats acquire only partial immunity
• Immunity is slow to develop in sheep
– Kids and Lambs are highly susceptible
– Immunity wanes around time of kidding/lambing
Why is H. contortus Such
a Problem ???
• Very prolific – each female worms
produces ~ 5,000 eggs per day
– 500 worms 2.5 million epd per animal
– 50 goats 1 billion eggs per week
Goats Were Never Intended to
Live (and Graze) in a Warm
Humid Climate
Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta
(Brown stomach worm)
Damage to
stomach wall
Resistance Revisited
So far….
Number 15 14 14 11 15
% Reduction 78 61 19 77
Upper 95% CL 88 79 57 88
Lower 95% CL 57 26 0 57
• Weigh scales
• Weight tapes
– Only accurate
for dairy goats
– inaccurate in
meat breeds
Utilize Host Physiology to
Maximize Drug Efficacy
• Restrict feed intake for 24 hours prior to
treatment (BZ and ivermectin)
– Withholding feed decreases digesta flow rate
leading to an increase in drug efficacy
– Never in late pregnancy
• Repeat dose in 12 hours (BZ)
• These simple measures can substantially
improve efficacy when resistance is present and
can help to delay resistance if not yet present
Rotation of Dewormers
Is This a Good Idea ???
• Has been promoted for many years
• Although recommended for many years
there are new arguments against using
rotation
– Rotation is NOT a replacement for proper
resistance prevention measures
• On many farms, rotation is not possible
because of resistance
Rotation of Dewormers Is
A Bad Idea
• Creates a false presumption among vets
and livestock owners that they have a
bona-fide resistance prevention program
• Rotation will mask resistance
– Resistance develops slowly to all drugs
simultaneously
– 1 effective drug will “cover” for another
– Few livestock owners realize they have
resistance problems – until it is too late
Drug Combinations
• Use of combinations of drugs simultaneously have been
shown to
– Decrease rate with which resistance develops
– Increase the effectiveness of treatment
• Drugs not useful on their own can achieve reasonable
therapeutic results if combined
• BUT – very dangerous if:
– Do not build refugia into system
– Do not do efficacy testing to monitor resistance situation
Selective Treatment
• FAMACHA©
– For H. contortus only
• For other GI worms
– FEC
– Age
– Body condition
– Production level
– Symptoms
– Short term weight gain
Concept Behind
Selective Treatment
• Parasites are not equally distributed in
groups of animals
– Overdispered / aggregated distributions
– 20-30 % of animals harbor most of worms
• Few animals are responsible for most of egg
output
Freq
Number of Worms
Distribution of FEC in Goat Herds
20000
Treating high 33%
46 Million 230 M
16000 Greatly Reduces
66% 33%
12000 Daily Pasture
FEC
Contamination With
8000
Eggs
4000
0
33% of Goats
4000
80% of Eggs
3000
Treating 1/3 of
FEC
2000
goats gives just
1000 as good control
as treating the
0 entire herd
Individual Goats
What Happens If We Treat Only the High 33% ???
2000
Treating high 33% with a
1600
drug that causes a 99%
1200 FECR reduces daily
FEC
pasture contamination
800
with eggs by 80%
400
0
33% of Goats
400
< 5% of Eggs
300
Following treatment
FEC
200
> 95% of eggs are being
100 shed by untreated goats
= REFUGIA
0
Individual Goats Less Resistance
So, how do we easily
determine who to treat?
FAMACHA ©
3) Read color of
eye on mucous
membranes of
lower eyelid
– Recheck weekly
– Treat the 3’s
– Change pastures (if possible)
Precautions
• Untreated animals
harbor susceptible
worms
• Dilutional effect
• Resistance
develops more
slowly
Keep Herd and Individual
Records!!!!
Example Herd Anemia
Record
Control Parasites by Determining
Produced by
Ray Kaplan, DVM, PhD, Dip EVPC,
Bob Storey, MS, RVT
Lisa Williamson, DVM, MS, Dip ACVIM
University of Georgia
Jim Miller, DVM, MPVM, PhD
Louisiana State University
With contributions from other members of the SCSRPC
Questions ???