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POPULASI
Set 1 Set 2
•Skor ujian-pra •Skor ujian-pasca
•Bakat menyanyi abang •Bakat menyanyi adik
•Skor ujian BM •Skor ujian BI
Terdapat perbezaan prestasi ujian menaakul
sebelum eksperimen berbanding dengan selepas
eksperimen.
S1=20 S1=28
S2=25 S2=35
S3=36 S3=46
.. ..
.. ..
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
Pre-Scores Post-Scores
Pengujian Hiopotesis
Ujian-t Bersandar (Paired-sample t-test)
In a study to measure the effect of a new teaching method, the
researcher collected performance data both before and after
implementing the new teaching method among a randomly
selected sample. Performance before and after
implementation were as follows.
Test the hypothesis at α =0.05 Data set:
Pre Post
5 8
6 7
7 6
4 6
6 6
3 8
4 7
5 3
7 6
When each value from one sample is paired with a
data value in the second sample, the samples are
dependent.
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
7
1. Nyatakan hipotesis nol (H0) dan hipotesis alternatif (HA) –
HO : µd = 0 Data set:
HA : µd ≠ 0 Pre Post d
5 8 3
6 7 1
7 6 -1
► Calculate summary statistics 4 6 2
6 6 0
Summary Stat: 3 8 5
n=9 4 7 3
Σd = 10 5 3 -2
Σd² = 54 7 6 -1
d = 1.1111
SP = 2.3154
2. Tetapkan aras signifikan, taburan persampelan,
kawasan kritikal atau tak kritikal
t 0.05, 8 = ±2.306
4. Kirakan statistik pengujian (tests statistics) bagi
taburan persampelan tersebut – FORMULA
Summary Stat:
n=9 Data set:
Σd = 10
Σd² = 54 Pre Post d
d = 1.1111 5 8 3
SP = 2.3154
6 7 1
7 6 -1
d d 1.1111 - 0 4 6 2
t
sd = 2.3154
6 6 0
n √9
3 8 5
= 1.1111 - 0 4 7 3
0.7718
5 3 -2
t = 1.440 7 6 -1
5. Buat keputusan, kesimpulan, dan tafsiran.
Conclusion
There is no significant difference in the mean
performance of the two set of scores, t (8) = 1.44,
p>.05. Hence, it may not be concluded that the new
teaching method has an effect on students
performance.