Respon Imune

Irma Suswati
 Immune Sistem
Immune System

Adaptive
Innate
(Specific)
(Nonspecific) o
2 line of defense
1o line of defense Protects/re-exposure

Cellular Components Humoral Components Cellular Components Humoral Components

Interactions between the two systems

 Immune Sistem
1.Sistem imun non-spesifik (natural/innate)
a. Pertahanan fisis dan mekanis
b. Pertahanan biokimia
c. Pertahanan humoral
d. Pertahanan selular
2. Sistem imun spesifik (adaptive/acquired)
a. Sistem imun selular
b. Sistem imun humoral
 Innate Host Defenses Against
Infection
• Anatomical barriers
– Mechanical factors
– Chemical factors
– Biological factors
• Humoral components
– Complement
– Coagulation system
– Cytokines
• Cellular components
– Neutrophils
– Monocytes and macrophages
– NK cells
– Eosinophils
Anatomical Barriers - Mechanical Factors

System or Organ Cell type Mechanism

Skin Squamous epithelium Physical barrier

Desquamation
Mucous Non-ciliated epithelium Peristalsis
Membranes (e.g. GI tract)
Ciliated epithelium (e.g. Mucociliary
respiratory tract) elevator
Epithelium (e.g. Flushing action of
nasopharynx) tears, saliva,
mucus, urine
Anatomical Barriers - Chemical Factors

System or Organ Component Mechanism

Skin Sweat Anti-microbial fatty

acids
Mucous HCl (parietal cells) Low pH
Membranes Tears and saliva Lysozyme and
phospholipase A
Defensins (respiratory & Antimicrobial
GI tract)
Sufactants (lung) Opsonin
 Anatomical Barriers - Biological Factors

System or Organ Component Mechanism

Skin and mucous Normal flora Antimicrobial

membranes substances
Competition for
nutrients and
colonization
 Humoral Components
Component Mechanism

Complement Lysis of bacteria and some viruses

Opsonin
Increase in vascular permeability
Recruitment and activation of phagocytic cells
Coagulation system Increase vascular permeability
Recruitment of phagocytic cells
Β-lysin from platelets – a cationic detergent
Lactoferrin and Compete with bacteria for iron
transferrin
Lysozyme Breaks down bacterial cell walls

Cytokines Various effects

 Cellular Components

Cell Functions

Neutrophils Phagocytosis and intracellular killing

Inflammation and tissue damage
Macrophages Phagocytosis and intracellular killing
Extracellular killing of infected or altered self
targets
Tissue repair
Antigen presentation for specific immune
response
NK and LAK cells Killing of virus-infected and altered self targets

Eosinophils Killing of certain parasites

Innate immunity/non-specific immunity
First barrier to microorganism entry : Skin,Mucous membranes, pH,
temperature, Antimicrobial substances
 Respon Imun Non Spesifik
• Pertahanan fisis
MUCUS
• Goblet Cell: Secretes
mucus.
• GI dan Respiratory Tracts
• Komposisi Mucus
– 1% Mucin
– 1% Free Protein
– 1% Dialyzable Salts
– >95% Water
• Melindungi epithelium
dari stress, kerusakan
enzym dan pertahanan
bahan pathogen.
 Respon Imun Non Spesifik
Lysozymes
• 14kDa enzim merusak dinding sel bakteri.
• Bakteri Gram-Positive: Streptococci
• Bakteri Gram-Negative
– Bakteri autolysins
– Bakteri aggregasi
– Blocking bakterial adherence
– Inhibisi produksi asam
 Respon Imun Non Spesifik
Lactoferrin : Antiviral Activity
• DNA and RNA viruses are susceptible
– CMV
– HIV
– HSV
– HBV
– HCV
– Rotavirus
– Respiratory syncytial virus
• Effective pada infeksi awal
 Respon Imun Non Spesifik
Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI)
• Epithelial cells
• SLPI pertahanan mucosa:
– Inflammation
– Menghambat pertumbuhan bacteria, fungi, virus
– Meningkatkan penyembuhan luka
• SLPI menghambat infeksi HIV
– Mechanism belum diketahui???
 Respon Imun Non Spesifik
Defensins
• 3-5kDa cationic peptides
• β-defensins-1, -2, -3, -4 dan α-defensin-5.
• Anti-viral activity
Respon Imun Non Spesifik

a) The phagocyte recognises and binds the microorganism

b) The microorganism is engulfed by the phagocyte
c) The microorganism is degraded inside the phagocyte
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
 Respon Imun
• Tanggapan sistem imun terhadap
konfigurasi asing, setelah terjadi proses
pengenalan oleh sel-sel limfosit.
• Berdasarkan mekanisme dan jenis efektor
2 kategori respon imun
– Respon imun alami
– Respon imun adaptif
 Respon Imun Alami
• Respon imun alami : respon imun seluler
dan respon imun humoral
• Mekanisme bersifat stereotipik dan tidak
spesifik : setiap paparan antigen
berlangsung proses yang sama secara
berulang
 Respon Imun Alami
• Tubuh terpapar oleh antigen asing  terjadi
mobilisasi unsur-unsur fagositik ketempat
konfigurasi asing (respon imun seluler) 
menyusul adanya berbagai jenis kerusakan
jaringan  respon imun seluler sistemik : panas,
komponen selular darah
• Respon imun humoral melibatkan bahan yang
secara langsung menghadapi partikel atau
patogen : sistem komplemen dan interferon
 Respon Imun Adaptif
• Mekanisme bersifat spesifik : diperlukan
sel khusus untuk menghadapi antigen
• Bila respon imun alami dalam upaya
melenyapkan antigen tidak berhasil, maka
dilanjutkan oleh respon imun adaptif  sel
fagosit (makrofag) bertindak sebagai APC
dan dikenali oleh sel T dan mengaktivasi
sel B
 Innate and adaptive immunity

Microbe
Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

B lymphocytes Antibodies
Epithelial
barriers

T lymphocytes
Phagocytes Effector T cells

Complement NK cells

Hours Days
0 6 12 1 3 5
Time after infection
 Comparison of Innate and Adaptive
Immunity

Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity

• No time lag • A lag period

• Not antigen specific • Antigen specific

No memory • Development
of memory
 Infection dan Immunity

infection immunity

Bolus of infection x virulence

Disease =
immunity
 Efek System Immune

• Menguntungkan:
• Proteksi diri
• Eliminasi

• Merugikan:
• Inflamasi
• Reaksi hypersensitivitas atau autoimun