During structural works and finishing works

 Pipes (copper pipes, galvanized steel, polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVC), chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride pipes (CPVC), cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)
 Pipe fittings
 Valves
  A pipe is a tubular section or
hollow cylinder, usually but
not necessarily of circular
cross-section, used mainly to
PIPES convey substances which can
flow — liquids and gases
(fluids), slurries, powders and
masses of small solids.
Copper pipes are made of small
diameter. Since copper does not
admit rust, so these pipes are
durable. However, as copper is
costly, therefore, they are used in
limited places.
These types of pipes are generally
used to carry hot water or steam.
They do not bend or sag even at
high temperature.
Copper is a mild metal. Therefore,
copper pipes can be bent easily.
They are joined by Flanged Joint and
Union Joints.
G.I pipes are made of mild steel
sheet. Its length-wise joint is Welded
Seam Type. G.I pipe is used to
supply water, gas or any other liquid
inside the building.
These types of pipes are prepared
from 12 mm ( 0.5 inches) to 15 cm ( 6
inches) in diameter. They are
available in 6 meters ( 20 feet)
length.
These pipes – which includes rubber
and P. V. C. pipes – are used for the
supply of water, acidic water, and
alkaline water. Hot water should not
be carried out.
These pipes are joined using a
thread joint or socket is joined with a
solution. Such pipes are not rusted.
They are light in weight. Cutting,
bending, and jointing are easy for
these pipes.
These types of pipes are like G. I.
Pipes. They are also used to carry
water, gas or certain other liquid
from one place to another.
The only difference between
wrought iron pipe and G.I is that
wrought iron pipes are prepared by
welding wrought iron sheet. In
addition, seamless pipes are also
made.
The weight of such pipe is less.
Cutting, threading, and bending of
this pipe is quite easy. To join such
pipes following joints are used
Wrought iron pipes are made from
12 mm(0.5 inches) to 15 cm (6
inches) in diameter.
 A fitting or adapter is used in pipe systems to connect straight sections of pipe or
tube, adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes such as regulating
(or measuring) fluid flow.[1] These fittings are used in plumbing to manipulate the
conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in domestic or commercial environments,
within a system of pipes or tubes.
 Pipe Fittings are Piping component that helps in Changes the direction of the flow
such as elbows, tees. Changes the size of the pipe such as reducers, reducing tees.
Connect different components such as couplings and stop the flows such as Caps.
ELBOW
 An elbow is generally used to change the direction of flow
of liquid between two pipes. If the two pipes are of different
diameters then the elbow is called as a reducer. Elbows are
available in two angles, 90 degree elbow and 45 degree
elbow. Elbows are usually threaded to the pipes (female
threads*) or else they are welded.
As already mentioned reducers are
used to connect two pipes of varying
diameters, their main purpose is to
regulate the flow (slowdown in most
cases). The reducers can be of two
types
Concentric reducer: It is a cone shaped
reducer; in this type of reducers there
is a risk of air accumulation which in
turn will increase the pressure on the
pipe.
Eccentric reducer: It is a reducer with
one side parallel; since only one side is
curved the risk of air accumulation is
eliminated in this type of fittings.
Couplings also connect
two pipes in a straight
line. The two pipes
connected by a coupling
should be of same
diameter. They are
soldered, welded or
glued to the pipe ends to
be connected. Couplings
are used when a long
plumbing line is to be
laid and one pipe length
is not sufficient, but
mainly couplings are
used when leakages
occur in the pipeline.
They are of two type
compression coupling
and slip coupling.
UNION
 Union is a fitting that serves similar purpose of that
of a coupling, only difference is that the couplings
are fixed and cannot be removed after installation,
but unions are usually threaded to the pipes and can
be removed if necessary. In some unions one end is
male threaded** and one end is female threaded*
TEE
 A tee fitting is used to connect three pipes either of same
or different diameters. They serve the purpose of
distributing the flow from one pipe to two other pipes in
different directions usually. Sometimes flow from two pipes
is combined to flow in the third pipe. In other words tee
serves for one inlet with two outlets or two inlets with one
outlet. Tee fittings are available in perpendicular or inclined
directions.
CROSS
 A cross fitting is used to connect four
pipelines together. Since the number of
pipes connected is more this joint will
be subjected to more stress thus cross
fittings are to be made strong and
durable to resist them. They are usually
used in fire sprinkling systems when
large amount of water is required in all
directions since it can serve three
outlets with one inlet.

 Brass Cros Fitting

PLUG AND CAP
A plug and a cap are used to stop the flow in
the pipe that is to close the pipe during repair
works. They both serve the same purpose but
the difference is in their structure, the plug is
provided with male threads** while the cap is
provided with female threads*.
When the ends of the pipes are not
suitable to insert any pipe fittings or
it is not desirably flat then adapters
are used to make the ends flat.
Adapters can be male threaded or
female threaded in one end based
on the purpose. The other end of the
adapter is plain so it is welded or
glued to the pipe ends.
 If the pipe dimensions
are not suitable enough
to use any pipe fittings
(e.g. if the diameter of
the pipe is too large
when compared to the
fittings diameter
available) then we use
olets to insert the pipe
fitting properly. There
are many types of olets
available.
Valves are used to stop and regulate the flow of water, and each type of valve
has its pros and cons and applications for which it is best suited. Most valves in
a residential plumbing system are part of the water supply system and are
used to control the flow of pressurized water from the water utility or a private
well. Depending on the design of the valve, they may be best suited for simple
ON-OFF control of the water flow, or they may be designed instead for
adjusting the volume of the water flow.

Most valves are available in different materials, including bronze,

brass, and PVC plastic. Make sure to choose materials appropriate
to the type of pipe used in the plumbing system.
Gate valves are among the most
commonly used valves in plumbing
applications. Gate valves control water
flow by raising or lowering an internal
gate by use of a twist-type handle or
knob located at the top of the valve.
Gate valves should never be used to
control the volume of flow—they are
designed to be fully open (allowing full
flow) or fully closed (stopping the flow
entirely). Using them to adjust water
flow can wear out these valves. Gate
valves are very reliable for closing off
the water supply, and they are
commonly used as shutoff valves on
main and branch water supply lines,
although ball valves are gradually
becoming more popular in these
applications.
Ball valves are perhaps the most
reliable type of valve and are
commonly used for main water
shutoffs and for branch line shutoffs.
Like gate valves, a ball valve is
designed as an all-or-nothing
valve—they should be either fully
open to allow full flow, or fully closed
to stop all water flow. Internally,
these valves have a ball with a hole
in the middle, which is connected to
a lever-type outer handle. When the
handle is parallel to the water supply
pipe, the valve is open; when it is
perpendicular, the valve is closed.
Globe valves are used to regulate or
throttle the flow of water in plumbing
applications. This type of valve gets
its name from the bulge in the body
of the valve, a shape not found in
other valve types. The handle on a
globe valve is usually a twist knob.
Globe valves are usually installed
when the flow of water needs to be
regulated or when it needs to be
adjusted regularly. The internal
design features contain a stopper on
the end of a valve stem, which is
raised and lowered by the valve's
twist knob.
 Externally, butterfly valves resemble ball
valves, since they have a lever-type handle that
opens and closes the valve. Internally, the
design uses a metal disc that rotates to regulate
the flow of water. Because the water flows around
the disc, which is at the center of the valve, the
water flow is reduced somewhat, even when the
valve is fully open. Unlike a ball valve, which is
intended as an ON-OFF valve, a butterfly valves
can precisely adjust the volume of flow. One
notable drawback of a butterfly valve is that the
gasket inside the valve can present maintenance
issues after a few years.
Fixture shutoff valves are small
valves with small twist handles or
knobs, used to control water flow to
individual plumbing fixtures, such as
faucets and toilets. There are straight
versions and 90-degree-angle
versions (also known as angle valves
or angle stops). Shutoff valves allow
you to work on a faucet or other
fixture without having to shut off the
water to the whole house at the main
shutoff valve.
 installed to reduce the overall water pressure
in a plumbing system to the desired or accepted
limits. They normally have a spring and
diaphragm that is adjusted to a specific limit,
depending on the pressure of the water supply.
Pressure-reducing valves are not used to open
or close the water flow, but rather to throttle it
down to reduce overall water pressure. They are
commonly used in homes that receive relatively
high-pressure water from the municipal water
supply, where the pressure might be sufficient to
damage house plumbing systems and
appliances.
 A check valve is a specialty valve used to keep
water flowing in one direction only and prevent
flow in the opposite direction. Most types are not
operational, and therefore do not have control
handles. A back-flow preventer, of the type often
found on outdoor faucets (hose bibbs) and on
lawn sprinkler systems, is one example of a
check valve. Check valves can use different
types of inner mechanisms, include ball-check
designs and diaphragm check designs.
 Tape Measure
 Screwdrivers
 Wrenches
 Tube or Pipe Cutters
 Teflon Tape
 Faucet Wrenches
 Washers
 Drill and Hole-Making Tool
This is a simple
equipment which all
the plumbers have. A
metallic measuring
tape rolled inside a
small, compact,
plastic case is used
to measure the
dimensions of
plumbing system
and components.
The screwdrivers are
used to screw or unscrew
various connections with
the help of screws, nails,
and nuts. A vast variety of
screwdrivers are
available with various
point sizes and shapes.
The most common
screwdrivers are the star-
and plus-shaped
screwdrivers.
This tool has fixed or adjustable,
toothed or smooth jaws at one end of
a long handle. A variety of wrenches
are available in the market
depending on their jaw head size,
handle size, jaw head shape, the
purpose of use, etc. Some of the
commonly used wrenches are the
adjustable wrench, open end
wrench, basin wrench, pipe wrench,
etc. Wrenches are used to hold, turn,
remove, or fit plumbing pipes and
fixtures.
This is a wrench-and-
blade setting used to cut
metallic or plastic (PEX
or PVC) tubes and pipes.
The head of this tool is
generally adjustable
according to the width of
the tube or pipe.
This is a type of tape,
generally white in color,
used to secure the
connections. The tape is
wound on the threads of
pipes, valves, faucets,
showerheads, and other
plumbing systems to
make the connections
tight and leak-proof.
The major function of
these wrenches is to hold
the faucets firmly and
turn them in the clock or
anti-clockwise direction.
These wrenches have one
fixed and one adjustable
jaw to hold faucets of
different sizes.
These are simple round,
flat, disks with a hole at
the center that sits inside
the faucets and
showerheads. The
rubber, plastic, or
metallic washers are
used to control the
intense flow of water
through the faucets and
showerheads.
 This is an electric equipment
attached with an auger or a hole-
saw that creates holes for
differently sized plumbing pipes
and systems.