Tran Chiem Quang Man

July 19th, 2019

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 Contents
 GSM – Introduction
 GSM – Service
 Architecture
 Security in GSM
 Characteristics of GSM standard
 Advantages of GSM
 Future of GSM

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 GSM – Introducton

 Digital system.
Unlike 1G that relies on FDMA, 2G use digital
modulation formats and TDMA, CDMA.

 Circuit switching
 The main 2G standards are:
– GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used
worldwide.
– IS-136 aka D-AMPS, TDMA-based, used in the Americas, data rate
reaches 30 Kbps.
– IS-95A aka CdmaOne, CDMA-based (narrow band), used in the
Americas and parts of Asia, data rate reaches 14,4 Kbps.
– PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan.

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 GSM - Introduction
 81% of the global mobile market.
 GSM uses TDMA multi-access technique, data rate from 6.5 - 13 Kbps.
 GSM systems are most commonly used:
● GSM 900 (890 – 960)MHz

● GSM 1800 (1710 – 1880)MHz

● GSM 1900 (1850 – 1990)MHz

 Voice, 3.1 kHz.

 Short Message Service (SMS): 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of
at most 160 chars. (include spaces).

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 GSM – Introduction
GSM in World
Figures: March 2010
Africa
North Africa
South Africa 6%
3%
3%

Euro
47%

Asia Pacific
41%

Euro Asia Pacific South Africa North Africa Africa

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 GSM – Service

Tele Services
 Telecommunication services that enable voice
communication via mobile phones

 Offered services:
 Mobile telephony

 Emergency calling

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 GSM – Service

Bearer Services
 Include various data services for information transfer
between GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc
at rates from 300 to 9600 bps

 Short message service (SMS): up to 160 characters

alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile
terminal

 Voice mailbox

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 Architecture

 GSM System Architecture:

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 Architecture

 Components of GSM network:

1. Mobile Station (MS):

• Mobile Equipment (ME)

• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

• Base Station Controller (BSC)

• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Transcoder Rate Adaptor Unit (TRAU)
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 Architecture
 Components of GSM network (con’t):
3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS):
• Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC)
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Authentication Center (AUC)
• Equipment Identification Register (EIR)
4. Operation & Support System (OSS)
• Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC)
• Network Management Center (NMC)

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 Base Station Subsystem
 Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
● Performs coding between the 64 Kbps PCM coding used in the
backbone network and the 13 Kbps coding used for the Mobile Station
(MS)

 Base Station Controller (BSC)

● Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the BTSes
● Manages the handovers within BSS area
● Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the
MSC/VLR about this

 Base Transceiver System (BTS)

● Controls several transmitters
● Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a specific
frequency

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 Network Switching Subsystem

 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is at core; consists of

several databases.
 Home location register (HLR) database – stores
information about each subscriber that belongs to it.
 Visitor location register (VLR) database – maintains
information about subscribers currently physically in the
region.
 Authentication center database (AuC) – used for
authentication activities, holds encryption keys.
 Equipment identity register database (EIR) – keeps
track of the type of equipment that exists at the mobile
station.

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 Subscriber Indentity Module

 The SIM is a microcontroller embedded into a small piece of

plastic, which holds the GSM operating program and
customer and carrier-specific data.

 Identification information of the subscriber is programmed

into the SIM.

 The SIM card provides:

● Authentication
● Information storage
● Subscriber account information
● Data encryption

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 GPRS
 The two GPRS support nodes, required in a GPRS-enabled wireless
network:
● The serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
● The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)

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 3G Cellular Network
 3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000

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 UMTS

 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

 UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
 The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

 Data rates of UMTS are:

● 144 kbps for rural
● 384 kbps for urban outdoor
● 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

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 UMTS
 UMTS System Architecture:

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 UMTS
 Call routes in 2G and 3G:
Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks

MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM

EIR HLR AUC PLMN

RNS
GGSN
SGSN
Node RNC Internet
ME B
USIM

UTRAN
+
SD

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

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 4G LTE Cellular Network

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 4G LTE Cellular Network

 Major LTE Radio Technogies:

● Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
for downlink
● Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-
FDMA) for uplink
● Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced
throughput
● Reduced power consumption
● Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power
used by handsets)

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 4G LTE Cellular Network
 4G LTE Architecture:

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 AT Command

 AT command is an abbreviation of Attention

command, a set of commands to help users assign
relay with module.

 There are 4 types of AT command:

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 AT Command
 There are 2 types of response:
● Returns with the value OK or ERROR
● Return to URC
 URC (Unsolicited Result Code): are responses that the
module automatically sends to TE to signal about the
appearance of a certain event. You can enable/disable or
select URC's format with
 The commands correspond to each function. For example:
AT + CREG = <mode>: Network registration Status
<mode> 0: Disable network registration URC
1: Enable network registration URC, URC format: + CREG: <status>
2: Enable network registration URC, URC format:
+ CREG: <status> [, <lac>, <cid> [, AcT]]]]

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 AT Command

 The purpose of using AT command:

• Get mobile or modem information, subscription information.

• Get phone status.

• Set up a connection, or voice, send or receive faxes, sms.

• Execute secure purposes.

• Save, restore or change mobile phone configuration or module.

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 THANKS FOR LISTENING

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