PSYCHO

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ANALYSIS
Celine O. Monillas
Rhiyo L. Gecomo
Lieza Magadia
Glaiza Gallentes
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SIGMUND FREUD

 Sigmund Freud (1856 to

1939) was the founding father
of psychoanalysis, a method
for treating mental illness and
also a theory which explains
human behavior.
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PSYCHOANALYSIS
 Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic
techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud.
The core idea at the center of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people
possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. By bringing
the content of the unconscious into conscious awareness, people are then
able to experience catharsis and gain insight into their current state of mind.
Through this process, people are then able to find relief from psychological
disturbances and distress.

 The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and

experiences, i.e., make the unconscious conscious. It is only having a cathartic
(i.e., healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured."
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HISTORY
 Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic
approach to psychology. This school of thought emphasized the influence of
the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was
composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego.

 Freud's theories of psychosexual stages, the unconscious, and dream

symbolism remain a popular topic among both psychologists and lay
persons, despite the fact that his work is sometimes viewed with skepticism
by many today.

 Many of Freud's observations and theories were based on clinical cases and
case studies, making his findings difficult to generalize to a larger population.
Regardless, Freud's theories changed how we think about the human mind and
behavior and left a lasting mark on psychology and culture.
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HISTORY
 Another theorist associated with psychoanalysis is Erik Erikson. Erikson
expanded upon Freud's theories and stressed the importance of growth
throughout the lifespan. Erikson's psychosocial stage theory of personality
remains influential today in our understanding of human development.

 According to the American Psychoanalytic Association, psychoanalysis

helps people understand themselves by exploring the impulses they often
do not recognize because they are hidden in the unconscious. Today,
psychoanalysis encompasses not only psychoanalytic therapy but also
applied psychoanalysis (which applies psychoanalytic principles to real-
world settings and situations) as well as neuro-psychoanalysis (which
applied neuroscience to psychoanalytic topics such as dreams and
repression).
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HISTORY
 While traditional Freudian approaches may have fallen out of favor, modern
approaches to psychoanalytic therapy emphasize a nonjudgmental and
empathetic approach.

 Clients are able to feel safe as they explore feelings, desires, memories, and
stressors that can lead to psychological difficulties. Research has also
demonstrated that the self-examination utilized in the psychoanalytic process
can help contribute to long-term emotional growth.
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PSYCHOANALYSIS ASSUMPTIONS

• Psychoanalytic psychologists see psychological

problems as rooted in the unconscious mind.
• Manifest symptoms are caused by latent (hidden)
disturbances.
• Typical causes include unresolved issues during
development or repressed trauma.
• Treatment focuses on bringing the repressed conflict
to consciousness, where the client can deal with it.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Freud pioneered the idea that unconscious forces influence overt behavior
and personality. He believed that childhood events and unconscious conflict,
often pertaining to sexual urges and aggression, shape a person’s experience
in adulthood. Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis created the framework
for psychoanalytic therapy, a deep, individualized form of talk therapy.
Psychoanalytic therapy encompasses an open conversation that aims to
uncover ideas and memories long buried in the unconscious mind.
Psychoanalysts employ specific techniques, such as spontaneous word
association, dream analysis, and transference analysis. Identifying patterns in
the client’s speech and reactions can help the individual better understand their
thoughts, behaviors, and relationships as a prelude to changing what is
dysfunctional.
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BASIC TENETS
•The way that people behave is influenced by their unconscious drives
•The development of personality is heavily influenced by the events of
early childhood; Freud suggested that personality was largely set in
stone by the age of five.
•Bringing information from the unconscious into consciousness can lead
to catharsis and allow people to deal with the issue
•People utilize a number of defense mechanisms to protect themselves
from information contained in the unconscious
•Emotional and psychological problems such as depression and anxiety
are often rooted in conflicts between the conscious and unconscious
mind
•A skilled analyst can help bring certain aspects of the unconscious into
awareness by using a variety of psychoanalytic strategies such as
dream analysis and free association
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CASE STUDIES
A case study is defined as an in-depth study of one person. Some
of Freud's most famous case studies include Dora, Little Hans,
and Anna O. and had a powerful influence on the development of
his psychoanalytic theory.
In a case study, the researcher attempts to look very intensely at
every aspect of an individual's life. By carefully studying the
person so closely, the hope is that the researcher can gain insight
into how that person's history contributes to their current behavior.
While the hope is that the insights gained during a case study
might apply to others, it is often difficult to generalize the results
because case studies tend to be so subjective.
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STRENGTHS
Despite its critics, psychoanalysis played an important role in the development of
psychology. It influenced our approach to the treatment of mental health issues
and continues to exert an influence in psychology to this day.

•While most psychodynamic theories did not rely on experimental research, the
methods and theories of psychoanalytic thinking contributed to the development
of experimental psychology.
•Many of the theories of personality developed by psychodynamic thinkers are
still influential today, including Erikson's theory of psychosocial
stages and Freud's psychosexual stage theory.
•Psychoanalysis opened up a new view on mental illness, suggesting that talking
about problems with a professional could help relieve symptoms of psychological
distress.
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WEAKNESSES
Psychoanalysis grew in its influence over the course of the early twentieth century,
but it was not without its critics.

•Freud's theories overemphasized the unconscious mind, sex, aggression and

childhood experiences.
•Many of the concepts proposed by psychoanalytic theorists are difficult to
measure and quantify.
•Most of Freud's ideas were based on case studies and clinical observations
rather than empirical, scientific research.
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THE ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
ID: Freud believed that personality was composed of three key elements. The first of
these to emerge is known as the id. The id contains all of the unconscious, basic and
primal urges.

EGO: The second aspect of personality to emerge is known as the ego. This is the
part of the personality that must deal with the demands of reality. It helps control the
urges of the id and makes us behave in ways that are both realistic and acceptable.
Rather than engaging in behaviors designed to satisfy our desires and needs, the ego
forces us to fulfill our needs in ways that are socially acceptable and realistic. In
addition to controlling the demands of the id, the ego also helps strike a balance
between our basic urges, our ideals, and reality.

SUPEREGO:The superego is the final aspect of personality to emerge and it contains

our ideals and values. The values and beliefs that our parents and society instill in us
are the guiding force of the superego and it strives to make us behave according to
these morals.
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THE EGO’S
DEFENSE MECHANISM
A defense mechanism is a strategy that the ego uses to protect itself
from anxiety. These defensive tools act as a safeguard to keep the
unpleasant or distressing aspects of the unconscious from entering
awareness. When something seems too overwhelming or even
inappropriate, defense mechanisms help keep the information from
entering consciousness in order to minimize distress.
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UNCONSCIOUS AND
CONSCIOUS MIND
 The unconscious mind includes all of the things that are outside of our conscious
awareness. These might include early childhood memories, secret desires, and
hidden drives. According to Freud, the unconscious contains things that may be
unpleasant or even socially unacceptable. Because these things might create
pain or conflict, they are buried in the unconscious.

While these thoughts, memories, and urges might be outside of our awareness,
they continue to influence the way that we think, act and behave. In some cases, the
things outside of our awareness can influence behavior in negative ways and lead to
psychological distress.

 The conscious mind includes everything that is inside of our awareness. The
contents of the conscious mind are the things we are aware of or can easily bring
into awareness.
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PSYCHOSEXUAL
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PSYCHOSEXUAL
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HOW CAN WE UNDERSTAND
THE UNCONSCIOUS MINDS
The psychoanalyst uses various techniques as
encouragement for the client to develop
insights into their behavior and the meanings
of symptoms, including ink blots, parapraxes,
free association, interpretation (including
dream analysis), resistance analysis and
transference analysis.
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RORSCHACH INK BLOTS
Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the
deterministic forces operating in the unconscious,
The ink blot itself doesn't mean anything, it's ambiguous (i.e.,
unclear). It is what you read into it that is important. Different people
will see different things depending on what unconscious connections
they make.
The ink blot is known as a projective test as the patient 'projects'
information from their unconscious mind to interpret the ink blot.
However, behavioral psychologists such as B.F. Skinner have criticized
this method as being subjective and unscientific.
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FREUDIAN SLIP
Unconscious thoughts and feelings can transfer to the conscious
mind in the form of parapraxes, popularly known as Freudian slips
or slips of the tongue. We reveal what is really on our mind by
saying something we didn't mean to.
For example, a nutritionist giving a lecture intended to say we
should always demand the best in bread, but instead said bed.
Another example is where a person may call a friend's new partner
by the name of a previous one, whom we liked better.
Freud believed that slips of the tongue provided an insight into the
unconscious mind and that there were no accidents, every behavior
(including slips of the tongue) was significant (i.e., all behavior is
determined).
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FREE ASSOCIATION
A simple technique of psychodynamic therapy, is free association, in which a patient talks of
whatever comes into their mind. This technique involves a therapist reading a list of words (e.g..
mother, childhood, etc.) and the patient immediately responds with the first word that comes to
mind. It is hoped that fragments of repressed memories will emerge in the course of free
association.
Free association may not prove useful if the client shows resistance, and is reluctant to say what
he or she is thinking. On the other hand, the presence of resistance (e.g., an excessively long
pause) often provides a strong clue that the client is getting close to some important repressed
idea in his or her thinking, and that further probing by the therapist is called for.

Freud reported that his free associating patients occasionally experienced such an emotionally
intense and vivid memory that they almost relived the experience. This is like a "flashback" from
a war or a rape experience. Such a stressful memory, so real it feels like it is happening again, is
called an abreaction. If such a disturbing memory occurred in therapy or with a supportive
friend and one felt better--relieved or cleansed--later, it would be called a catharsis.

Frequently, these intense emotional experiences provided Freud a valuable insight into the
patient's problems.
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DREAM ANALYSIS
According to Freud the analysis of dreams is "the royal road to the
unconscious." He argued that the conscious mind is like a censor,
but it is less vigilant when we are asleep. As a result, repressed ideas
come to the surface - though what we remember may well have
been altered during the dream process.
As a result, we need to distinguish between the manifest content
and the latent content of a dream. The former is what we actually
remember. The latter is what it really means. Freud believed that
very often the real meaning of a dream had a sexual significance
and in his theory of sexual symbolism he speculates on the
underlying meaning of common dream themes.
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CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Psychoanalysis (along with Rogerian humanistic
counseling) is an example of a global therapy (Comer,
1995) which has the aim of helping clients to bring about
a major change in their whole perspective on life.

This rests on the assumption that the current

maladaptive perspective is tied to deep-seated
personality factors. Global therapies stand in contrast to
approaches which focus mainly on a reduction of
symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral approaches,
so-called problem-based therapies.
 z ANXIETY DISORDERS
Anxiety disorders such as phobias, panic attacks, obsessive-
compulsive disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder are obvious
areas where psychoanalysis might be assumed to work. The aim is to
assist the client in coming to terms with their own id impulses or to
recognize the origin of their current anxiety in childhood relationships
that are being relived in adulthood. Svartberg and Stiles (1991) and
Prochaska and DiClemente (1984) point out that the evidence for its
effectiveness is equivocal.
Salzman (1980) suggests that psychodynamic therapies generally are of
little help to clients with specific anxiety disorders such as phobias or
OCDs but may be of more help with general anxiety disorders. Salzman
(1980) in fact expresses concerns that psychoanalysis may increase the
symptoms of OCDs because of the tendency of such clients to be overly
concerned with their actions and to ruminate on their plight (Noonan,
1971).
 z DEPRESSION
may be treated with a psychoanalytic approach to some extent. Psychoanalysts relate
depression back to the loss every child experiences when realizing our separateness
from our parents early in childhood. An inability to come to terms with this may leave
the person prone to depression or depressive episodes in later life.
Treatment then involves encouraging the client to recall that early experience and to
untangle the fixations that have built up around it. Particular care is taken with
transference when working with depressed clients due to their overwhelming need to
be dependent on others. The aim is for clients to become less dependent and to
develop a more functional way of understanding and accepting loss/rejection/change
in their lives.
Shapiro and Emde (1991) report that psychodynamic therapies have been successful
only occasionally. One reason might be that depressed people may be too inactive or
unmotivated to participate in the session. In such cases a more directive, challenging
approach might be beneficial.
Another reason might be that depressives may expect a quick cure and as
psychoanalysis does not offer this, the client may leave or become overly involved in
devising strategies to maintain a dependent transference relationship with the
analyst.
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ERIK ERIKSON
Erik Homburger Erikson (born Erik
Salomonsen; 15 June 1902 – 12
May 1994) was a German-American
developmental psychologist and
psychoanalyst known for his theory
on psychological development of
human beings. He may be most
famous for coining the phrase
identity crisis.
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PSYCHOSOCIAL