THE CELL CYLE Cellular

Reproduction
LEARNING ESSENTIALS

Characterize the phases of

the cell cycle and their
control points
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6)

{describe, distinguish, differentiate}

 LET’S GET STARTED

 The cells of a
mouse and an
elephant are similar.
 Just because an
animal is bigger in
size does not mean
the cell size is bigger.
 It only means that
Who has a bigger the number of cells is
cell? Elephant or more in bigger
animals than in
Mouse? smaller ones.
 LET’S GET STARTED

Why do cells divide The larger the cell, the

more demands it places
instead of just on DNA
growing bigger?  Small cells, the DNA can meet
the needs of the cell
 As cell grows, the DNA can not
meet the needs of the cell –
does not make extra copies of
DNA to meet needs
The larger the cell, the
more difficult it is to
transport nutrients and
waste across the cell
membrane.
 THE CELL CYCLE MULTIPLIES CELLS

 The cell cycle is an The alternating “growth”

ordered sequence and “division” activities
of events that of the cell is called the
“cell cycle”.
extends
 from the time a cell is
first formed from a
dividing parent cell
 until its own division
 THE CELL CYCLE MULTIPLIES CELLS

Cells must  The division activity

accomplish two corresponds to “M
basic things during phase”.
 The “growth”
the cell cycle:
activity
1. Copying cellular corresponds to
components
“Interphase”.
2. Dividing the cell so
that components are
distributed evenly to
the daughter cells
 Phases of the Cell Cycle

The cell cycle consists of

Mitotic (M) phase
(mitosis and
cytokinesis)
Interphase (cell
growth and
copying of
chromosomes in
preparation for
cell division)
• Interphase (about 90% of
the cell cycle) can be
divided into subphases

– G1 phase (“first gap”)

– S phase (“synthesis”)
– G2 phase (“second
gap”)
• The cell grows during all
three phases, but
chromosomes are
duplicated only during
the S phase

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Checkpoints
• The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular
signaling system which switches the cell
cycle control system on/off.
• The system consists of a molecular clock
and checkpoints to ensure conditions are
met before moving on to the next steps.
Fig. 12-14
G1 checkpoint

Control
system S
G1

M G2

M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
 Rate of Cell Division
• Differs from one cell type to the next
– Examples:
• red bone marrow cells divide every
12 hours to replace RBCs that wear
out
• Cells at tip of root divide about
every 19 hours.
• Neurons (nerve cells) normally
never divide again once brain is
fully formed in utero
 Cancer & Cell Growth
 Cancer is essentially a failure
of cell division control
 unrestrained, uncontrolled cell growth
 What control is lost?
 Fail checkpoint stops
 gene p53 plays a key role in G1/S restriction point
 p53 protein halts cell division if it detects damaged DNA
p53 is the  options:
Cell Cycle  stimulates repair enzymes to fix DNA
Enforcer  forces cell into G0 resting stage
 keeps cell in G1 arrest
 causes apoptosis of damaged cell
 ALL cancers have to shut down p53 activity
 Inhibits blood vessel growth in tumors (angiogenesis)
AP Biology p53 discovered at Stony Brook by Dr. Arnold Levine
 Fig. 12-20

Lymph
vessel
Tumor
Blood
vessel

Cancer
Glandular
cell
tissue Metastatic
tumor
1 A tumor grows 2 Cancer cells 3 Cancer cells spread 4 Cancer cells may
from a single invade neigh- to other parts of survive and
cancer cell. boring tissue. the body. establish a new
tumor in another
part of the body.
 Development of Cancer
 Cancer develops only after a cell experiences
~6 key mutations (“hits”)
 unlimited growth
 turn on growth promoter genes
 ignore checkpoints
 turn off tumor suppressor genes (p53)
 escape apoptosis
 turn off suicide genes It’s like an
out-of-control
 immortality = unlimited divisions car with many
 turn on chromosome maintenance genes systems failing!
 promotes blood vessel growth
 turn on blood vessel growth genes
 overcome anchor & density dependence
 turn off touch-sensor gene
AP Biology
 What causes these “hits”?
 Mutations in cells can be triggered by
 UV radiation  cigarette smoke
 chemical exposure  pollution
 radiation exposure  age
 heat  genetics

AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
Conclusion
Conclusion
AP Biology