What is Zoology?

 Zoology – the
study of animals.
 Kingdom
Animalia – animals
are multicellular,
eukaryotic, lack cell
walls and are
heterotrophs.
Why is zoology so broad of a science?

 There are 1.5 million+ animals

(estimates as high as 3 million
undescribed).
 Classified into 35 current Phyla
 Phylum Arthropoda = 1.2 million+
named species.
 Mammals represent only about 5, 000
named species
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY
 I.STRUCTURAL ZOOLOGY
A. MORPHOLOGY
B. ANATOMY
C. HISTOLOGY- histos ( tissues)
D. CYTOLOGY- cells
II. DEVELOPMENTAL ZOOLOGY
A. EMBRYOLOGY
B. ONTOGENY-study of individual
(birth to death)
C. GENETICS
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY

III.
FUNCTIONAL
ZOOLOGY
A. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
B. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR /
ETHOLOGY
 IV. SYSTEMATIC/ TAXONOMY

A. P R OTOZOOLOGY- protozoa
B. E NTOMOLOGY- insects
C. CONCHOLOGY- shells
D. MALACOLOGY- molluscs
E . HE R P E TOLOGY- reptiles/amphibians
F. OR NITHOLOGY-- birds
G. ICHTHY OLOGY- fishes
I. HE LMINTHOLOGY-worms
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY

V. MEDICAL ZOOLOGY

A. PARASITOLOGY
B. PATHOLOGY
VI. DISTRIBUTIONAL
ZOOLOGY
A. ZOOGEOGRAPHY
B. ECOLOGY- “oikos”-
house(environment),
interrelationship
between living things
and non living things
VII. Historical zoology

A. PALEONTOLOGY-
fossils and remains of
animals(extinct)
B. PHYLOGENY- origin
of species
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY

VIII.
ECONOMIC
ZOOLOGY
IX.SPECIALIZED
FIELDS OF ZOOLOGY
 A. MOLECULAR ZOOLOGY
As the science that studies a major group of living
and once-living organisms, zoology, like botany, the
study of plants, is a very diverse field. The study of
animals includes numerous sub-disciplines,
including the following:

 The structure and physiology of animals is studied under

such fields as anatomy, embryology, pathology, animal
nutriology, and physiology;
 The common genetic and developmental mechanisms of
animals (and plants) is studied in molecular biology,
molecular genetics, cellular biology, biochemistry, and
developmental biology
 The ecology and interactions of animals is covered under
behavioral ecology, physiological ecology, insect ecology,
biodiversity, conservation, parasitology, marine biology,
and other fields, including ecology in general;
 The evolution and history of animals is considered in
evolutionary studies and paleontology;
 The distribution of animals is studied in zoogeography;
 Animal behavior is considered in ethology, animal
behavior, and reproductive biology;
 The classification, naming, and describing of animals is part
of systematics and taxonomy.
 In addition, the various taxonomically oriented disciplines, such
as mammalogy (the study of mammals), primatology
(primates), herpetology (reptiles and amphibians), ornithology
(birds), icthyology (fish), and so forth, study aspects that are
specific to those groups.
 Zoology is such a diverse discipline that there is not any
professional society that covers all branches of zoology in a
dominant manner. Rather, one finds societies according to the
various taxons, such as birds, mammals, fish, snakes, wildlife, and
so forth.
 Zoology serves a common and useful undergraduate major for
many medical students because it provides a valuable
foundation for understanding human physiology, anatomy,
genetics, embryology, and pathology.
 Zoology Disciplines
 Comparative Anatomy – the study of structures and
functions of various animal groups.
 Taxonomy – the science of finding, describing, and
classifying animals.
 Entomology – the study of insects.
 Ichthyology – the study of fish
 Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians.
 Ethology – the study of animal behavior.
 Malacology – the study of molluscs.
 Myrmecology – the study of ants.
 Helminthology – the study of worms
 What does a zoologist do?

Marine Biologist
Biochemist/Lab
Technician Wildlife Researcher

Animal Rehabilitation Reproductive Biologist Fisheries Biologist

 And more…

Animal Trainer

Veterinarian

Even a
TEACHER!

Geneticist
History of Zoology
Zoology in Ancient Times
 People must have had knowledge about animals that made
them capable in hunting, knowing which animals were
dangerous, and in domesticating animals.
 In ancient India, texts described some
aspects of bird life.
 In Egypt, the metamorphosis of insects
and frogs was described.
 Egyptians and Babylonians also knew of
anatomy and physiology in various forms.
In ancient Mesopotamia,
animals were sometimes
kept in what can be
described as the first
zoological gardens.
 Greekscientist and philosopher
Aristotle(384-322 B.C.,) described many
animals and their behaviors. Pioneer Zoologist, the first to
devise a system of classifying animals. Father of Zoology
 In ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder is known
for his knowledge of nature, wrote a book
“Natural History”
 Claudius Galen became a pioneer in
physiology, medicine and anatomy.
 Hippocrates (Greece)Father of Medicine-
who devised the codeof medical ethics. Establishment of First
biomedical tradition.
 Leonardo da Vinci -anatomist and scientist,
who made contribution by conducting autopsies on
humans, study theconcept of homology(similarity in
embryonic origin and development.)

 Andreas Vesalius- first to dissect cadavers

and accurately depict anatomy. Father of Anatomy

 Conrad von Gessner- wrote the book

“Historia Animalium” which is the basis of modern
zoology

 William Harvey- made the Ist accurate

description of blood circulation
 Marcello Malphighi such as observations
on blood circulation,demonstration of capillary circulation
in the lungs of frog. Anatomist and Entomologist

 Robert Hooke, who published

Micrographia in 1665, based on his observations using a
microscope, single lens.
 described the compartments of cork tissue as "cells."
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–
1723), who made more than 400 microscopes himself,
was the first person to view single-celled microbes.
The Growth of Modern Zoology
 Inthe seventeenth century,
adherents of the new philosophy
of investigation of nature by
means of observation and
experiment banded themselves
into academies or societies for
mutual support and dialogue.).
SEVENTEENTH(1700)-
EIGHTEENTH(1800) CENTURY
 Systematizing and classifying dominated biology.

 Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), a

Swedish botanist, -developed a classification for animals
based on shared characteristics. Father of Taxonomy,
one of the Father of Modern Ecology. Binomial
System of Nomenclature

 George Cuvier- French naturalist and

zoologist, established the fields of comparative anatomy
and paleontology
NINETEENTH CENTURY
 In the later part of the nineteenth century, the area of
genetics developed

 Gregor Mendel formulated his laws of

inheritance, published in 1866. Father of Genetics

Claude Bernard- French

physiologist, Father of Experimental
medicine
 , Charles
In 1859

Darwin, with his

publication of The Origin
of Species, by means of
NATURAL SELECTION

 Father of Evolution

 Theory of
Evolution