General Chemistry 1

Atoms, Molecules and Ions

part 2
Examples:
 Seatwork/Quiz Number 2:
Complete the following table: 20
points
Element Ca O B N

Atomic Number        
Number of Protons        
Number of Neutrons        
Number of Electrons        
Mass Number        
While the atomic number is the same for
all atoms in an element, their atomic
mass may differ, atoms of the same
element which have different masses are
called isotopes.
Common Isotopes:
Hydrogen 1
H
Deuterium 2
H
Tritium H
3

Helium 3
H
4
H
Assignment:
1. In your HW/SW Write another 10 other
naturally occurring Isotopes
2. Also, research, other 10 kinds of
isotopes with their common use.
Examples of isotopes and their Uses:
1.Cobalt 60 - Radiation Therapy to prevent cancer
2.Iodine 131 – Locate brain tumors, monitor cardiac,
liver and thyroid activity
3.Carbon 14 – Study metabolism changes for
patients with anemia, diabetes and gout
4.Sodium 24 – Study blood circulation
5.Thallium201 – Determine damage in heart tissue,
detection of tumors
Common application of isotopes
1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging -  tracks tracers in the body for full determination of imaging subjected to a particular organ 
observation
2. Tracers – Introduction to the human body for tracking purposes either orally or intravenously and MRI is used
3. Radiation therapy – treatment of cancer
4. Positron Emission Topography – scanning purposes by gamma radiation
5. For Genetic Modification -  altering gene structure behavior of agri products  for better yielding product or disease free product

Isotopes Symbols:

12
C
Carbon -12 (C-12)  symbol: protons = 6
electrons = 6
neutrons = 6
6
 C
Isotopes Symbols: 13
Carbon -13 (C-13)  symbol:
6
electrons = 6
protons = 6

neutrons = 7
 Note:
The 3 isotopes of Hydrogen
1. Protium or Hydrogen – 1 proton, no neutron
2. Deuterium - 1 proton, 1 neutron <stable>
- used as fuel
3. Tritium – 1 proton, 2 neutron
<radioactive>
Common Names of Some Chemical
Compounds
baking soda sodium hydrogen NaHCO3
carbonate
sodium bicarbonate
bleach (liquid) sodium hypochlorite or NaClO
hydrogen peroxide H2O2
bleach (solid) sodium perborate NaBO3
Borax sodium tetraborate  Na2B4O7.10 H2O
decahydrate
brimstone sulfur S
cream of tartar potassium hydrogen KHC4H4O6
tartrate
Epsom salt magnesium sulfate  MgSO4.7 H2O
heptahydrate
Freon dichlorodifluoromethane CF2Cl2

galena lead (II) sulfide PbS

grain alcohol ethanol C2H5OH
graphite carbon C
gypsum calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4.2 H2O

hypo sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3

laughing gas dinitrogen oxide N2O
lime calcium oxide CaO
 limestone calcium carbonate CaCO3
lye sodium hydroxide NaOH
marble calcium carbonate CaCO3
MEK ethyl methyl ketone CH3COC2H5
milk of magnesia magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2

muriatic acid hydrochloric acid HCl

   
oil of vitriol sulfuric acid H2SO4
plaster of paris calcium sulfate � hydrate CaSO4.� H2O

potash potassium carbonate K2CO3

iron pyrite (fool�s gold) iron disulfide FeS2

quartz silicon dioxide SiO2

 quicksilver mercury Hg
rubbing alcohol isopropyl alcohol (CH3)2CHOH
sal ammoniac ammonium chloride NH4Cl
salt sodium chloride NaCl
salt substitute potassium chloride KCl
saltpeter potassium nitrate KNO3
slaked lime calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
sugar sucrose C12H22O11
TSP trisodium phosphate sodium phosphate Na3PO4
washing soda sodium carbonate  Na2CO3.10 H2O
decahydrate

wood alcohol methyl alcohol CH3OH

Example of Structural formula of Compounds:
chemical formula is an expression using atomic symbols to indicate what elements and how many of each element is present. 
The number of atoms present is represented by subscripts 

The chemical formula for ionic compounds is called formula unit

The chemical formula for covalent compounds is called molecular formula

The simplest formula for covalent compounds is called its empirical formula
MOLECULAR FORMULA
The molecular formula is an expression of the
number and type of atoms that are present in a
single molecule of a substance. It represents the
actual formula of a molecule. Subscripts after
element symbols represent the number of atoms. If
there is no subscript, it means one atom is present
in the compound.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
The empirical formula is also known
as the simplest formula. The empirical formula is
EXAMPLES OF MOLECULAR AND EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6.
One molecule of glucose contains 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of
hydrogen and 6 atoms of oxygen.
If you can divide all of the numbers in a molecular formula by
some value to simplify them further, then the empirical or
simple formula will be different from the molecular formula. The
empirical formula for glucose is CH2O. Glucose has 2 moles of
hydrogen for every mole of carbon and oxygen. The formulas for
water and hydrogen peroxide are:
 Water Molecular Formula: H2O
 Water Empirical Formula: H2O
 Hydrogen Peroxide Molecular Formula: H O
Naming Simple Compounds:
Binary ionic compounds are composed of two elements.
The first element is a metal. The second element is a non metal.
An "ide" suffix is used to indicate that compound has been formed between
the elements.
Ex. of Ionic Bond, Please note the atomic number of Lithium which is 3 = to the number of
electrons on the inner (1s), max of 2 electrons and on the outer shell 2s which is 1, charge is
positive 1 ready to give up and share to the fluorine configuration, in our previous study,
cations lose electrons and anions gains. The ratio of their electrons is 1:1, therefore in
convention, can be named as Lithium Fluoride (from –ine to ide). The atomic number of
Fluoride is 9, and the distribution of the electrons are 2 (1s) , 2(2s) 5(p level), since the
maximum electrons of a gaining atom on their subshell is (1), Fluoride thus is ready to gain an
electron to make itself stable.
covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared
pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces
between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.
Chemical Names and Suffixes
The chemical suffix or end part of a chemical name needs careful
attention.
There is a big difference between the "ide", "ate" and "ite" suffixes.
1. As a general rule an "ide" suffix indicates an element. e.g. sulfide S 2-,
nitride N3- and phosphide P3-
The exceptions are hydroxide OH- and cyanide CN-
2. "ates" and "ites" always contain oxygen. e.g.. nitrate NO 3- and nitrite
NO2-

3. "ates" always have a higher number of oxygen atoms the

corresponding "ites". e.g.. sulfate SO42- and sulfite SO32-
Chemical Formula Table - Ionic Compounds

Number Chemical name Elements present Chemical formula

sodium and chlorine NaCl
1. sodium chloride
potassium oxide K2O
2. potassium and oxygen
magnesium bromide magnesium and 
3. bromine MgBr2

sodium and fluorine NaF
4. sodium fluoride
aluminum iodide AlI3
5. aluminum and iodine
calcium sulfide calcium and sulfur
6. CaS
 lithium and Li3P
7. lithium phosphide phosphorus

strontium chloride SrCl3
8. strontium and chloride

barium nitride barium and nitrogen
9. Ba3N2

aluminum and oxygen Al2O3
10. aluminum oxide
 According to groups these are:
•In group 1 (alkali metals): Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
•In group 2 (alkaline earth metals): Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium,
•In group 13 (boron family): Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium
•In group 14 (carbon family): Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead
•In group 15 (nitrogen family): Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth
•In group 16 (oxygen family): Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium
•In group 17 (halogens): Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine
•In group 18 (noble gases): Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radonid

Notice that in the periodic table the oxidation numbers are increasing in numbers (with plus sign)
going to the center of the transition elements and from the left with valence or oxidation state
(negative signs).

Two types of Bonds:

Ionic Bond - Cations loses electrons, Anions gains
Covalent Bond – remains neutral, no sharing of electrons
2. Binary compounds containing 2 non metals

As I said in previous topic, this results in a covalent bond and therefore sharing of electrons is
expected, naming convention is to always consider the number of atoms(with the right
designated prefixes attached) present in the compound, since this is also considered a binary
compound, the first non metal element is named in full and the second is changed to ide.

Prefixes:

mono 1
di 2 ex. CCl4 - Carbon tetrachloride
tri 3
tetra 4 P2O5 - diphosphorus pentoxide
penta 5
hexa 6
hepta 7
octa 8
nona 9
deca 10
If the fist non metal is a hydrogen, it is called binary acid and are named as follows:
ex. HF – hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid
HCl - hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid

3. Ternary Compounds containing polyatomic ions – named just like binary compounds, retain the name of the
positive ion, either the name the metal or polyatomic ion is retained and the name of the negative ion is also retained
ex. Al2(SO4)3 Aluminum Sulfate

Reminder:  The polyatomic ion is enclosed in parenthesis if the ion 
subscript is greater than 1
Predicting Oxidation State:
Find Oxidation state of Al in Al(NO3)3
>>> Oxygen Balance: 9 (-2) = -18
>>>Aluminum Balance: 1 (3 ) = 3
>>>Nitrogen Balance : 3 (X) + (-18) + (3) = 0; X representing oxidation state
of N
3x = 15; x = 5
Polyatomic ion combining with hydrogen are called oxyacid, naming convention will be; if
the last three 3 letters ends with ite will be replaced with ous, and if ate is changed to
ic
Oxyanions containing sulfur and phosphorus will get their acid name with the
name of the element:
sulfite - sulfurous
sulfate - sulfuric
phosphite - phosphorous
phosphate - phosphoric

ex. H3PO4 - Phosphoric acid

H2SO3 -sulfurous acid
H 2 C 2O 4 -Oxalic acid
CH3COOH -Acetic acid - in acetic acid it is customary to write the
hydrogen after the acetate ion
4. Compounds containing metals with variable oxidation states
ex. Au+, Au3+ ; these are found in the PT from group IIIb to Ib
Fe2+,Iron3+
Cu+, Cu2+ ; Roman numerals are used for the subscript of the metals
if there is no subscript, check the oxidation state of the metal and the
polyatomic ion used, that will be the positive oxidation number of the metal.

ex. FeCl3, subscript of Cl is 3, therefore Fe subscript used is 3, hence the name Iron
(III) chloride, or Ferric Chloride, (latin) Fe 2+ is ferrous, Fe3+ is ferric
Note: the ion with the lower oxidation number will end in –ous, and the higher
number will end
with –ic

FeSO4 - Fe is +2, name is iron II sulfate or ferrous sulfate

HgCl2- Hg is +2, name is Mercury II chloride or mercuric chloride
I. Write the name of the following compounds 
_____ a. KClO3  _____ f. MgCO3 

_____ b. Al(NO3)3  _____ g. Ca3(AsO4)2 
_____ c. Fe2(CrO3)3  _____ h. Au3BO3 

_____ d. NaC2O4  _____ i. LiMnO4 

_____ e. H3PO3  _____ j. Pb(IO3)2 
II. Write the formula of the following compounds 
_____ a. tin IV chloride  _____ f. calcium carbide 
_____ b. sulfur dioxide  _____ g. lead IV carbonate 
_____ c. potassium permanganate  _____ h. arsenic acid 
_____ d. copper II sulfate  _____ i. sulfur tetrafluoride 
_____ e. iodine trichloride _____ j. ammonium nitrite