TECNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

1
 9.1 Integration by Parts

The formula for integration by parts : :

 u dv  uv   v du
Remark : Choose u and v such as the new integral is
easier than  v du
 u dv
Example : Evaluate

x
xe dx
let u = x, then du=dx

dv  e x dx  v   e x dx  e x
so

 xe dx  x e   e dx  x e  e  C
x x x x x

2
 Integration by parts can be done more than one

 sin x dx
2
Example : Find x Integration by parts

Solution

x
2
sin x dx   x cos x  2 x cos xdx
2

(i) Let u  x2 du = 2xdx   x2 cos x  2( x sin x   sin xdx)

dv = sinxdx V=-cosx
 x cos x  2x sin x  2cos x  C
2

(ii) Let u = x du = dx

dv = cosx dx v = sinx

3
 The integrand (f(x)) may be founded at right -hand side

 cos xdx Integration by parts

x
Example : Find e

   
Solution x x x
e cos xdx e sin x e sin xdx
 e x sin x  (e x cos x   e x cos xdx)  C
(i) Let ue x
du  e dx x

dv=cosxdx v=sinx  e x sin x  e x cos x   e x cos xdx)  C

(ii) Let u  ex du  e x dx Bring to the left-hand
dv = sinxdx v=-cosx side

2 e cos xdx  e sin x  e cos x  C

x x x

e cos xdx  (e sin x  e cos x)  C

x 1 x x
2
4
 Problems
Evaluate
e

1.  ln x dx
1

2.
 x ln xdx
3.
 ln( 1  x )dx
2

 xdx
1
4. sin


1
5.
tan xdx

 x tan
1
6. xdx
5
 9.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Form :  cosn x dx &  sinn x dx

* If n is odd , then let :
n 1
sin n x  sin x sin n1 x dan cos x  cos x cos x
n

2 2
and using identity sin x  cos x  1

* If n is even , then let :

sin n x  sin 2 x sin n  2 x dan cosn x  cos2 x cosn  2 x

2 2
and using identity cos 2 x  2 cos x  1  1  2 sin x

6
Example Evaluate

 x dx
3
1. sin

 x dx
4
2. sin
Solutions

1.
 sin 3
x dx   sin 2
x sin x dx   
1  cos 2
x d cos x   cos x  1
3 cos 3
xC

1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x
   x dx   (
2. 4 2 2
sin x dx sin x sin )( ) dx
2 2
1 1  cos 4 x
4
   1
  
2
(1 2 cos 2 x cos 2 x ) dx  ( dx  2 cos 2 x dx  dx)
4 2
1 1 1 1 3 1 1
 x  sin 2 x  x  sin 4 x  C  x  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  C
4 4 8 32 8 4 32

7
 m n
• Trigonometric integral sin x cos x dx

2 2
sin x  cos x  1
a). If n or m is odd then use identity

b). If m and n are even then use identity

2 2
cos 2 x  2 cos x  1  1  2 sin x

Example :

 sin 3
x cos 2
x dx   sin 2
x cos 2
x sin x dx   
 1  cos 2

x cos 2
x d cos x 

 
   cos 2 x  cos 4 x x d cos x 
1 5 1
 cos x  cos3 x  C
5 3
8
 2 2 1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x
 sin x cos x dx   2 2
dx

1 1 1  cos 4 x
     
2
(1 cos 2 x) dx ( 1 dx)
4 4 2
3 1
8 8
 dx  cos 4 x dx

3 1
 x  sin 4 x  C
8 32

9
  tan x sec x dx and  cot x csc xdx
m n m n
Integral of the form

Use identity
tan 2 x  sec 2 x  1 , cot 2 x  csc 2 x  1
and the derivative of tan and cot function

d (tan x)  sec 2 xd , d (cot x)   csc 2 x dx

.
Example

   tan x tan x dx 
4
a. tan xdx 2 2
 tan 2
x (sec 2
 1)dx
  tan 2 x sec 2 xdx   tan 2 xdx
  tan 2 xd (tan x)   (sec 2 x  1)dx
 tan x  tan x  x  C
1
3
3

10
   
b. 2 4 2 2 2
tan x sec x dx tan x sec x sec xdx

  tan x(1  tan x)d (tan x)

2 2

  tan 2 x  tan 4 x d (tan x)

1 1
 tan x  tan 3 x  C
5

5 3

11
Problems
Evaluate


4 5
1. sin x cos x dx
 /4


4 2
2. tan t sec t dt
0

 x dx
4
3. sec


2 4
4. cot w csc w dw

 x dx
3
5. csc

12
 9.3 Trigonometric Substitution
a. Integrands contain expressions a 2  x 2 , let x  a sin t
25  x 2
Example: Evaluate
 x 2
dx

25  x 2  2


25 25 sin t 5 cos t dt
dx 
x2 25 sin 2 t
Let x  5 sin t 25(1  sin 2 t ) cos 2 t
 cos tdt   2 dt   cot t dt
2
dx = 5 cost dt 5 sin 2 t sin t
  (csc t  1)dt   cot t  t  c
2
5
x
25  x 2 x
t   sin 1 ( )  C
x 5
25  x 2
13
 b. Integrands contain expressions a 2  x 2 , let x  a tan t
1
example Evaluate x 2
25  x 2
dx

1 5 sec 2 t dt
x 2
25  x 2
dx 
25 tan 2 t 25  25 tan 2 t

1 sec 2 t dt 1 cos t 1 d (sin( t ))

Let x  5 tan t   2   2 dt  
25 tan t sec t 25 sin t 25 sin 2 t
dx  5 sec 2 t dt
1 25  x 2
tan t 
x  C  C
5 25 sin t 25x
25  x 2
x
t
5
14
 c. Integrands contain expressions x 2  a 2 , let x  a sec t
1
Example Find x 2
x  25
2
dx

1 5 sec t tan t dt
x 2
x 2  25
dx 
25 sec 2 t 25 sec 2 t  25

1 sec t tan t dt
  1 sec t 1
Let x  5 sec t 2
25 sec t tan t
  2
25 sec t
dt 
25  cos t dt
dx  5 sec t tan t dt
1 x 2  25
sec t 
x  sin t  C  C
5 25 25x
x
x 2  25
t
5
15
Problems

Evaluate
x 2 dx
1.  dx 6. 
dx
9  x2
2x  3
 2
x 9 
3/ 2

2.  dx 3x dx
4  x2 7. 
x 2  2x  5
dx
3. 
x2 4  x2 8.  5  4x  x 2 dx
dx
4.  2x  1
x x2  9 9.
 x2  2x  2 dx
dx
5. 
x 2 x 2  16

16
 Square Root Substitution

Integrands contain expressions n ax  b , let u  n ax  b

dx
Example : Evaluate
 22 x
Answer : dx

2udu u
  du
22 x 2  2u u 1
u 11 1
Let u x u x2

u 1
du   (1 
u 1
)du
Use implicit differentiation
du  u  ln( u  1)  C
1
 
2u dx=2udu
dx  x  ln 1  x  C
17
Problems

Evaluate

1. x 3x4 dx

x 2  2x
2.  dx
x 1
t
3.  t  1 dt
4.  x x  1 dx
t
5.  3t  4 dt

  2/3
6. x (1 x ) dx

18
 9.4 Integral of Rational Function
P x
•  Q  x  dx  ? , where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomial

Steps
1. If degree of P(x)  Q(x) then divide P(x) by Q(x) and its result is
P( x) S ( x)
 H ( x)  , deg( S ( x))  deg(Q( x))
Q( x ) Q( x )

2. Factoring Q(x) into a product linear factors (ax+b) and/or irreducible

quadratic factors ( ax2  bx  c with b2  4ac 
) 0

19
 There are 4 cases about factor of denominator ( Q(x) ), ie :
1. Linear factors nonrepeated.
2. Linear factor repeated.
3. Quadratic factor nonrepeated.
4. Quadratic factor repeated.

• Linear factors nonrepeated

Let

Q x  a1 x  b1   a2 x  b2  ...  an x  bn 
P  x A1 A2 An
   ... 
then Q  x a1 x  b1 a2 x  b2 an x  bn

where A1 , A2 , ... , An are constants

20
 x 1
Example Evaluate  x 2 9 dx
Solution

Factors of denominator x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3)

x 1 A B A( x  3)  B( x  3)
  
x 2 9  x3  x3 ( x  3)( x  3)

 x  1 A x3 B x3   A Bx   3A3B

We equate coefficients of x and coefficients of 1 on the left-hand and
right-hand sides of this equation
A +B =1 x3 3A +3B=3
-3A+3B=1 x1 -3A+3B=1 +
hence 6B=4 B=2/3 ,A=1/3
1 2
x 1 3 dx  1 ln | x  3 |  2 ln | x  3 | C
 x2 9   x3   x3
dx  3 dx 
3 3
21
Linear factor repeated.
Let Q x    ai x  bi  p
then
Px  A1 A2 Ap 1 Ap
  ... 
Qx  ai xbi  ai xbi 2
ai xbi  ai xbi  p
p 1

Where A1 , A2 ,..., Ap 1 , Ap are constants

1
Example Evaluate  dx
 x  2   x 1
2

Solution
1 A B C
  
 x22  x1 x2 x 22  x1

22
 1 A( x  2)( x  1)  B( x  1)  C ( x  2) 2

 x2  x1
2
x 22  x1
1 A( x  2)( x  1)  B( x  1)  C ( x  2) 2

1 ( A  C ) x 2  ( A  B  4C ) x  (4C  2 A  B)

A+C=0
A+B+4C=0 A+B+4C=0 A+C=0 B=-1/3
-2A-B+4C=1 -2A-B+4C=1 + -A+8C=1
+ A=-1/9
-A+8C=1 9C=1 C=1/9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  x22  x1 dx 9  x2 dx 3  x 22 dx  9   x1dx
1 1 1
  ln | x  2 |   ln | x  1 | C
9 3( x  2) 9
23
Quadratic factor nonrepeated
Let


Q x   a1 x 2  b1 x  c1   
a2 x 2  b2 x  c2 ... an x 2  bn x  cn 
Then

P  x A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 An x  Bn
   ... 

Q x  2 2
a1 x  b1 x  c1 a2 x  b2 x  c2 an x 2  bn x  cn

Where A1 , A2 , ... , An , and B1 , B2 , ... , Bn are constants

24
 dx
Example Evaluate  xx 2  1
Solution
1 A B xC
  2  
A x 2  1  ( Bx  c) x

x x 1 x x 1
2
   

x x2 1 
 
1  A x 2  1  ( Bx  c) x 1  ( A  B) x 2  cx  A
A+B=0
C=0 B=-1 x x d ( x 2  1)
A=1 
x 1
2
dx   2
 x  1 2x
1 d ( x 2  1)
  2
1 1 x 2 x 1
 x x 2  1 dx   x dx   x 2  1 dx
   
1
 ln | x |  ln( x 2  1)  C
2

25
Quadratic factor repeated.

Let 
Q x  ai x  bi x  ci
2 p

then

Px  A1 xB1 A2 xB2 Ap 1 xBp1 Ap xBp

 2  ... 
 2 
Qx  ai x bi xci ai x bi xci 2

ai x bi xci
2

p 1
 
ai x 2 bi xci 
p

where A1 , A2 ,..., Ap 1 , Ap dan B1 , B2 ,...,B p 1,B p are constants

26
 6 x 2  15x  22
Example Evaluate  dx
  
2
x  3 x2  2

Solution
6x 2 15x 22 A BxC Dx E
  2 
 x3x 2
2 
2
 
 x3 x 2 x 2 2 2 

 
2
 
A x 2 2  ( B xC ) x 2 2  x3  ( Dx E )( x  3)
 x3x 2 22
6 x  15x  22  Ax 2  ( BxC )x 2 2 x3  ( Dx E )( x  3)
2 2 2

6 x 2  15x  22  ( A  B) x 4  (3B  C ) x3  (4 A  2B  3C  D) x 2 
(6 B  2C  3D  E ) x  (4 A  6C  3E )

27
We equate coefficients of x2,x, and 1 on the left-hand and
right-hand sides of this equation

A+B=0
3B+C=0 By eliminate these equation :
4A+2B+3C+D=6 A=1,B=-1, C=3,D=-5, E=0
6B+2C+3D+E=-15
4A+6C+3E=22

so

6x 2 15x22 1 x3 x
 x3 x 2 2 2 dx   x3dx x2 2 dx 5 x2 2 2 dx
     
dx 1 2 x dx 5 2x
   2 dx  3 2   2 dx
x3 2 x 2 x  2 2 ( x  2) 2

1 3  x  5
 ln | x  3 |  ln( x 2  2)  tan 1     C.
 2  2( x  2)
2
2 2
28
Example Evaluate

x3  2x 2  x  4
 x 2  4 dx
Solution

deg(P(x))=3 > deg(Q(x))=2

Divide P(x) by Q(x)

x +2

x2  4 x3  2 x 2  x  4
x3  2x 2  x  4 5x  4
x3  4 x  x2 2
2 x 2  5x  4 x 4
2
x 4
2x 2  8
5x+4
29
5x  4 5x  4 A B
  
x  4 ( x  2)( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  2)
2

A( x  2)  B( x  2)

( x  2)( x  2)
5 x  4  A( x  2)  B( x  2) ………………………..(*)
Equation(*) is hold for every x, so for x=2 and x=-2

For x = 2 5.2+4=A(2+2) A=7/2

5.(-2)+4=B(-2-2) B=3/2
For x = -2

Hence :

x3  2 x 2  x  4 7 1 3 1
 x2  4 dx   ( x  2) dx  
2 x2
dx  
2 x2
dx

1 2 7 3
 x  2 x  ln | x  2 |  ln | x  2 | C
2 2 2
30
Problems
Evaluate

2x  1 2 x 2  3 x  36
 x2  6x  18 dx 6. 
 
1. dx
 2 x  1 x2  9
1
2.  dx x3  x2
( x  5) ( x  1)
2 7.  x 2  5x  6 dx
5 x 2  3x  2
3.
 x 3  2 x 2 dx
dx
4.  x(x 2  1) 2
x 2  2x
5

5.  x 3  3 x 2  4
dx
2

31