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Equations
STUDENTS’ COPY
(2.3) Applications
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19
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(2.1) SEPARABLE VARIABLES
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson , students should be able to :
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INTRODUCTION
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3000
2500
2000
1500
Year
1000
500
0
1650 1950
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Lets consider the following function
dy
Given y = 3x2 + x - 2 6x 1
dx
Now reverse the process :
dy
Given an equation , 6x 1
dx
We can solve the equation by INTEGRATION
and the SOLUTION is : y = 3x2 + x - 2
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Definition
• A differential equation (DE) is one which
relates an independent or dependent variable
with one or more derivatives.
Example:
dy dy
x2 3 y 2x3 5
dx dx
2
dy
2
d y dy
dx y 2
sin x 3 2 4 7 0
dx dx
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Definition
• Order is the highest derivative in a differential
equation.
Order = 2
EXAMPLES
3
d y dy
2
3x 2 y 8
dx
2
dx
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Degree = 1
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EXAMPLE : ORDER DEGREE
5
dy
2 x 3 sin x sin y
dx
y" 4
2 y ' 5 y 3
7
4
d 3 y dy
3x 2y 8
dx dx
3
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Solutions of a Differential Equation
Two types of solution:
Eg : y = x2 + C
b) Particular Solution :
Eg : y = x 2 + 3
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EXAMPLE
c can be
dy any value
Given dx 2x
The corresponding solution is y x c
2
General solution
Given condition ‘ when x = 1 , y = 4 ’.
Then, from the general solution and the
condition, we get c = 3 and y x 3
2
Particular solution
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TUTORIAL
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HOW TO SOLVE A DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION (DE) ?
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Differential Equations with
Separable Variables
dy
f (x)g(y)
dx
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Methods for solving DE
of separable variable type
dy
Consider : f (x)g(y)
dx
f(x) - function in terms of x
g(y) - function in terms of y
dy
1) Separate the variables f (x)dx
g(y)
dx
2 2
y dy 3 x dx Integrate both sides
General Solution :
y
x c
3
2 y 2 x c
2 3
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SOLUTION 1 (b):
dy y ( x 1) Separate the
(b) 2 variables
dx x
2 x 1
y dy x
dx
1 1
2 dy 1 dx Integrate both sides
y x
General Solution:
2 ln y x ln x c
1
1 x ln x c
ln y x ln x c ye 2
2
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SOLUTION SOLUTION 1 (c):
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EXAMPLE 2
x dy
e (1 y ) 2
dx
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SOLUTION 2:
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EXAMPLE 3
dy
(a) x 2 y 3 , given y 1 when x 1
dx
dy
(b) y (1 y ) , y (0) 4
dx
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SOLUTION 3 (a) :
dy
(a) x 2 y 3 , given y 1 when x 1
dx
1 1 substitute
2 y 3 dy x dx y=1,x=1
Find the value
ln(2 y 3) of c .
ln x c
2
1 1 1
ln 5 ln1 c ln(2 y 3) ln x ln 5
2 2 2
1 1
c ln 5 ln(2 y 3) ln 5 ln x
2 2 24
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1
ln(2 y 3) ln 5 ln x
2
1 2y 3
ln ln x 2y 3
2 5 x 2
5
2y 3
ln 2 ln x 2 y 3 5x 2
5
2y 3 Particular Solution
ln x
2
ln
5 5x 3
2
y
2
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SOLUTION 3 (b):
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EXAMPLE 4
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SOLUTION 4 :
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Past Year 2015
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SOLUTION:
x
dy
dx
1 2 x2 y
dy 1 2 x2
y x
dx 1 MARK
ln y ln x x 2 c 2 MARKS
x 1, y 1
ln1 ln1 1 c, c 1 2 MARKS
ln y ln x x 2 1 1 MARK
ln x x 2 1
y e
1 x 2
y xe 1 MARK
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CONCLUSION :
Step 3
Integrate both sides of the equation
1
h( y)dy f ( x)dx
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EXERCISE :
1. Solve the following separable equations :
dy 1 x2
a) 2 y 2 xy2 , ans : 2x c
dx y 2
1 3x
dy e
b) ye 3 x , ans : y ce 3
dx
dy 1
c) ( 2 x )(3 y ) , ans : ln( 3 y ) ( 2 x ) 2 c
dx 2
dx 2
d) x y , ans : e x 2e y c
dy e
dy 1 1
2
e) cos ec y , ans : cot y sin 2 x c
dx sec 2 x 2
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1 A B
2. Express 2 , where A and B are
x 4x 5 x 5 x 1
cons tan ts. Hence, find the particular solution for the
dy 1
equation y 2 , given that y 1 when x 2
dx x 4 x 5
1 1 1 1 7( x 1)
ans : 2 , y ln
2
1
x 4x 5 6( x 5) 6( x 1) 3 x5
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(2.2) FIRST ORDER LINEAR
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
Learning Outcomes:
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Consider this DE
dy
x y (1 x)
dx
1 (1 x)
dy dx
y x
1 (1 x)
y x
dy dx
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First Order Linear Differential Equations
dy
General Form: P( x) y Q( x)
dx
( P( x), Q( x) are the functions of x)
The method of solving the differential equation
is to change to certain form by means of an
“ Integrating Factor ”
Integrating factor, V(x) = e
P ( x ) dx
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Identify P(x) and Q(x) for this examples :
Differential
P(x) Q(x)
Equation
dy y 1
1. x x
dx x 1 ( x 1)
dy
2.
3y x
dx
3. x dy y tan x sec x
dx
4. x dy y x
dx
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Steps on solving Non-Separable DE:
dy
P( x ) y Q( x ) ………. DE
dx
1st Determine P(x) and Q(x)
dy
3rd Multiply DE with IF V ( x) P( x) y V ( x)Q( x)
dx
x
P x dx
2. V x e 1
Integrating Factor (IF)
x dx
V ( x) e e ln x
x
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dy y
3. x x x 2
multiply the
dx x DE with IF
dy
x yx 3
dx
d
xy x 3 Integrate both
sides
dx
x3 c
y
4 x
3
4. d xy x dx
4
x
xy c
4
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EXAMPLE 2
P( x) 3
Q( x) x
dy
Solve 3y x
dx
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EXAMPLE 3
Solve the differential equation
dy
x y x sin 2 x given y , x
2
dx 4
Solution 3 :
General form
dy y
x sin 2 x
dx x
1
P( x) , Q( x) x sin 2 x
x 48
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1
dx
V ( x) e x
ln x
e
1
x
dy y 1
x x sin 2 x
1
x
dx x
d 1 1
( x y ) x ( x sin 2 x)
dx
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1 1
d ( x y ) x ( x sin 2 x ) dx
x y x x sin 2 x
1 1
General
sin 2xdx Solution
cos 2 x
c
2
x cos 2 x
y cx
2
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x cos 2 x
y , when x y cx
4 2
cos
4 2
c( )
2 4
0 c Particular
4 Solution
c4
x cos 2 x
y 4x
2
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EXAMPLE 4
dy
solve (tan x) y cos x, given y(0)=2
2
dx
Solution 4 :
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EXAMPLE 5
dr
Solve e t
2et r 3 , r (0) 2
dt
Solution 5 :
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Past Year 2015
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SOLUTION:
dy
y cot x 2sin x
dx
cos x
P( x) cot x , Q( x) 2sin x
sin x
cos x dx 1 du
V ( x) e sin x e u eln u elnsin x sin x 3 MARKS
dy
sin x( y cos x) 2sin x sin x
dx
d
dx
y sin x 2sin 2 x
d
dx y sin x dx 2 sin 2
x dx 2 MARKS
y sin x 2sin 2 xdx
y sin x 1 cos 2 xdx 1 MARK
1
y sin x x sin 2 x c 1 MARK
2
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dy
General form: P( x) y Q( x)
dx
get P( x) and Q( x)
Find V(x)=e P ( x ) dx
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APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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Steps in problem solving of Differential Equations
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5th Rewrite the equation (1) with the new value of
c [now in terms of k only — equation (2) ]
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EXAMPLE 1
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Solution 1:
Let P(t) = population at time t
(a)
dP
kP ln P kt c
dt
kx c
1 dP Pe
(b) k
P dt
Pe e kt c
1
P
dP kdt P Ae kt
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P Ae kt
3.9 x 10 Ae6 0
A 3.9x10 6
Therefore P 3.9x10 e 6 kt
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When t =10, P = 5.3 X 106 Year 2000
6 6 10 k
5.3x10 3.9x10 e
5. 3 5.3
e 10k
10 k ln
3 .9 3.9
5.3
ln e
10 k
ln k 0.0307
3.9
6 0.0307 t
Therefore P 3.9x10 e
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When t = 30 Year 2020
P 3.9x10 e 6 0.0307(30)
9.796 10 6
9.8 million
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Past Year 2012
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SOLUTION:
dP (t )
0.005 P (t )
dt
dP (t )
Thus, 0.005 P dt
P (t )
1
P(t ) dP(t ) 0.005dt 1 MARK
ln P (t ) 0.005t c 1 MARK
P (t ) e 0.005t c , let A e c
P (t ) Ae0.005t
1 MARK
P (0) Ae 0.005(0)
A 1500 1 MARK
P (10) Ae 0.005(10) 1576.9 1577 2 MARKS
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EXAMPLE 2
dt
dt
dx ln(300 70) k(0) c,
k dt
x 70
ln230 c
dx
x 70 k dt ln(x 70) kt ln230
ln(x 70) kt c,
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When t 2, x 200 0
dx
kx
dt
If one third of the substance still remains
within 12 years, what is the percentage of
the substance left available after 3 years.
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Solution 3:
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EXAMPLE 5
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Solution 5:
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Past Year 2016
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SOLUTION PART (a)
dx
dt
50 x
dx
50 x
dt 1 MARK
ln 50 x
t c 1 MARK
1
50 x Ae t , A e c 1 MARK
x 50 Ae t
t 0, x 0; A 50 1 MARK
x t 50 50e t
50 1 e t 1 MARK
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ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR PART (a)
dx
50 x
dt
dx
x 50
dt
integrating factor v t e dt
e t 2 MARKS
d
dt
et
x 50 et
1 MARK
e t x 50e t A
x 50 Ae t 1 MARK
t 0, x 0; A 50
x 50 1 e t 1 MARK
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SOLUTION PART (b)
0.0401 1 MARK
x t 50 50e
0.0401 t
1 MARK
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SOLUTION PART (c)-i
when t 60,
0.0401( 60)
x 50 50e 1 MARK
45.5 1 MARK
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SOLUTION PART (c)-ii
t 40 1 MARK
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CONCLUSION
Steps in problem solving of Differential Equations
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5. Rewrite the equation (1) with the new value
of c [now in k terms only — equation (2) ]
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EXERCISE
1. Radium decomposed at a rate which is proportional
to the amount present at any time. If 10%
decomposed in 200 years, what percentage of the
original amount of Radium will remain after 1000
years?
Ans : 59% will remain after 10 years
Ans :2 minute
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