analysis Outline • Introduction • Definition • Determinants • Decision making • Conclusion Introduction • Foreign Policy are the decisions governing authorities to make realize international goals. • States make FP decisions designed to cope with challenges from abroad. • The processes by which states make FP choices illuminates as well as the factors that influence how all the other categories of transnational actors make FP choices. Introduction • After the TOW, states took control of not only domestic affairs but also conducting foreign relations. • FP means; the goals that officials heading states seek abroad, the values that underlie those goals, and the means or instruments used to pursue them. Introduction • Geostrategic location, military might, economic prowess, and system of government are all variables that affect foreign policy choices. • Due to diversity of states as well as their different locations and positions within the contemporary global system, it is difficult to generalize the influence of any one factor or combination of factors. Introduction • The factors that shape states foreign policies and the decisions of all other global actors can be categorized at three basic levels. • At the global level are those structural features of the international system such as the prevalence of civil wars and the extent of trade interdependence. • At the state level are internal or domestic influences such as the state’s type of govt, or the opinions of its citizens. Introduction • At the individual level are the characteristics of leaders – their personal beliefs, values, and personality. • All three levels simultaneously affect decisions, but their relative weight usually depends on the issues and circumstances at the time of decision. Definition • George Modelski, Political Scientist, 1962: – Foreign policy is the system of activities evolved by communities for changing behaviur of other states and for adjusting their own activities to the international environment. • Henry A. Kissinger, former U.S. SOS, 1999. – Much of the anguish of FP results from the need to establish priorities among competing, sometimes conflicting, necessities. Determinants i. Geopolitics ii. Military Capabilities iii. Economic Conditions iv. Type of Government Determinants – Geopolitics • One of the most important influences on a state’s foreign policy behavior is its location and physical terrain. • The presence of natural frontiers, for example, may profoundly guide policymakers’ choices. • USA policy of isolationism for more than 150 years. • Great Britain not fully integrated in EU and now Brexit. Determinants – Geopolitics • Geopolitics is the theoretical postulate that states foreign policies are determined by their location, natural resources and physical environment. • Russia, China and Pakistan – their foreign Policies. • Pakistan’s FP is determined by India and Afghanistan conflict has also affected Pakistan. Determinants – Military Capabilities • Internal capabilities shape foreign policy priorities. • All states may seek similar goals, their ability to realize them will vary according to their military capabilities. • USA is the sole superpower and also a military power none can compete with. • After 9/11, Afghanistan, and in 2003, Iraq invaded. Determinants – Economic Conditions • The level of economic and industrial development a state enjoys affects the foreign policy goals it can enjoy. • Generally, the more economically developed a state is, the more likely it is to play an activist role in the global political economy. • Rich states have interests that extend far beyond their borders and typically possess to pursue and protect them. Determinants – Type of Government • Political system is a third attribute that affect a states’ international behavior. • It has two types – democratic and autocratic • Democratic system is open, public opinion, interest groups and the mass media are more visible parts of policy making process. • There are two things that a democratic people will always find difficult, to start a war and to end it. Rational Decision Making • Rational choice is decision making procedures guided by careful definition of situations, weighing of goals, consideration of all alternatives, and selection of the options most likely to achieve the highest goals. Rational Decision Making • It involve following intellectual steps: i. Problem Recognition and Definition: External problem and all information collected. ii. Goal Selection: What policy makers want to accomplish iii. Identification of Alternatives: All available policy options and cost associated. iv. Choice: Selection of final solution after cost- benefit analysis. Best Decision Rational Decision Making • Former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger has observed as under; • An effective decision making process must reflect well-thought-out policy choices, that is, they must answer these questions: i. What are we trying to achieve, or what are we trying to prevent? Rational Decision Making ii. What consequences do we expect from this decision and what steps do we have in mind for dealing with them? iii. What is the cost of proposed action? iv. Are we willing to pay that price, and for what length of time? Rational Decision Making • During Cuban Missile Crisis, US President JFK, formed a crisis decision-making group to suggest a way out. • Six options were ultimately identified: do nothing; exert diplomatic pressure; make a secret approach to the Cuban leader Fidel Castro; launch a surgical air strike against the missiles; or blockade Cuba. • It was adopted after 9/11 and also invading Iraq Conclusion • It is concluded that FP is the attitude of state towards its external environment. • It is determined by Geopolitics, military capabilities, economic development of a country. • It is rational choice theory which is being followed by the decision makers of foreign policy.
People/groups/social Institutions With Whom I Have Had Meaningful Encounters Myself Perception Via Social Media How Many Self-Perception Was Established