Organisation Chart

Jotun Cathodic Protection

Jotun Group

Jotun Jotun Jotun

Decorative Powder
Paints
(Scandinavia) Coatings

Jotun Jotun Jotun Jotun

Protective Decorative Marine Cathodic
Coatings Paints Coatings Protection

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/1
 Corrosion of a metal or alloy

• Corrosion is a reaction between the metal and

the surrounding environment
• The corrosion rate depends on the properties of
the metal and the corrosivity of the
environment.
• Corrosion is dissolution of the metal, among
other things involving the release of electrons:
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/2
 What is cathodic protection ?
• Cathodic protection (CP) is a method for
reducing the corrosion rate of a metal.
• The principle is based on “Supplying
electrons to the base material”.
• This is done by either:
– Connecting the structure to a more electro-
negative material (Sacrificial anode)
– Connecting the structure to an external electron
source (Impressed current)
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/3
 How to protect a structure

Corrosion Protection can be achieved by :

• Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection System
• Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System

Both systems supply electrons to the structure.

The structure will become more negative and
metal dissolution will be prevented

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/4
 Type of Products

• Sacrificial anodes
• Electrolytic descaling
• Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
Systems (ICCP)
• Electrolytic Antifouling

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/5
 Type of Sacrificial Anodes

• Zinc
– Noranode
– Coral Z
• Aluminium
– Coral A
– Coral A high grade
• Magnesium

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/6
 Type of Products

• Cathodic protection engineering and design

• Sacrificial anodes
• Impressed current systems
• Electrolytic Antifouling Systems
• Magnesium strips (Electrolytic descaling)
• Grounding equipment

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/7
 Type of Services

• Surveying, inspection and reporting

• Cathodic protection engineering and
design
• Potential measurements
• Servicing and Log sheet evaluation
• Technical support and advice

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/8
 Type of Products and Services
• Cathodic protection engineering and design
• Servicing, inspection and reporting
• Sacrifical anodes
• Magnesium strips (Electrolytic descaling)
• Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
Systems
• Electrolytic Antifouling System
• Log sheet evaluation
• Grounding equipment
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/9
 Type of Products

Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems

• Transformer rectifiers
• Impressed current anodes
• Reference electrodes
• Monitoring equipment
• Shaft grounding equipment
• Rudder grounding

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/10
 Type of products

Grounding equipment

• Rudder grounding
• Shaft grounding equipment
• Earthing cables

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/11
 Type of Products

Magnesium Strips for descaling

• Magnesium strips
• Clamps

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/12
 For Norway
Objects to be Protected:
• Ships
• Offshore platforms and rigs
• Subsea installations
• Subsea pipelines
• Harbour facilities
• Storage tanks
• Buried tanks and pipelines (onshore)
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/13
 Objects to be Protected:

• Ships
• Offshore platforms and rigs
• Subsea installations
• Subsea pipelines
• Harbour facilities (Sacrificial anodes)

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/14
 Marine
Objects to be Protected:

• Ships
• FPSO / FSU
• Mobile rigs
• Floating dry-docks
• Barges

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/15
 Norwegian Sector. Offshore and Industry
Objects to be Protected:

• Offshore platforms • Harbour facilities

– Fixed / floating – Piles
– Concrete / steel – Sheet piles
• Subsea installations • Buried tanks and
– (templates/manifolds/ pipelines (onshore)
modules) • Storage tanks
• Subsea pipelines

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/16
 Offshore and Industry
Objects to be Protected:

• Offshore platforms
– Fixed / floating
– Concrete / steel
• Subsea installations
– (templates/manifolds/ modules)
• Subsea pipelines
• Harbour facilities
– Piles
– Sheet piles
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/17
 Corrosion and corrosion protection
Energy Pure metal
or an Alloy Cathodic protection
E2
Energy offered
Corrosion
by Cathodic
Refining Coating protection
reduces
corrosion rate
E1
Iron ore Rust = Iron ore

• Iron (steel) in its natural state exist primarily as iron ore

Time
• Energy added at melting and refining are released by the corrosion process
• Coatings reduce corrosion rate
• Cathodic protection supply energy to stop corrosion
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/18
 Freely Corroding Steel

Sea water (electrolyte)

½ O2 + H2O + 2e-  2OH - Fe 2+ ½ O2 + H2O + 2e-  2OH -

Cathode Cathode
2e- 2e-

Anode
Steel plate 2e- 2e-

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/19
 The Principle of Cathodic Protection
Potentials vs. different Reference Electrodes
Potential, mV vs.
Cu/CuSO4 Zn
-580 +500 Freely corroding steel

-700

-800

+250 Mixed potential ( Protection potential)

-900

-1000

-1080 0 Freely corroding Zinc

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/20
 Cathodic Protection
Steel protected by a Sacrificial anode
2e-

Steel
2+ -
Zn = Zn + 2 e Zinc
O2

½ O2 + H2O + 2e-  2OH -

A calcareous deposit is formed on the steel surface

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/21
 Cathodic protection
Impressed current system
Current Source
2 e-

Steel
Permanent anode
Current
O2

Reaction at the cathode Reaction at the anode

- - 2 Cl -  ½ Cl2 + 2e -
½ O2 + H2O + 2e  2OH
H2O  2H+ + ½ O + 2e-
A calcareous deposit is formed on the steel surface

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/22
 Corrosion Potentials in Seawater
Zinc, Ag/Ag Cl and Cu/CuSO4 Reference Electrodes

Ag / Ag Cl Potentials in volt Zinc Cu / CuSO4

Rapid corrosion
- 0.55 + 0.50 - 0.60
General corrosion
Some corrosion
- 0.80 + 0.25 - 0.85
100% Cathodic protection

-1.05 + 0.0 -1.10

Increasing polarisation

- 1.30 Overprotection - 0.25 - 1.35

Possible coating damage

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/23
 Reduction of corrosion rate of steel by
cathodic protection. Moving seawater
Free corrosion of steel
Corrosion 0
reduction , %
Full cathodic protection
50
(Steel surface passivated)

87,5

0 50 100 150 200

Actual potential Negative polarisation, mV
of the steel
vs Zn 450 400 350 300 250 mV
vs Ag/AgC1 -600 -650 -700 -750 -800 mV
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/24
 Marine
Necessary Information to do a CP Design
• Type of structure
• Design lifetime
• Coating system and condition
• Trade
• Surface area to be protected
– Drawings
– Tank capacity plan
• Ballasting period.
• Class / Safety restrictions
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/25
 Marine
Design Criteria

• Design lifetime
• Coating system and condition
• Current density (Coating type and
damages)
• Current distribution
• Electrolytic resistivity
• Environmental conditions / impacts
• Ballasting period.

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/26
 Protective
Design criteria
• Type of structure
• Surface area to be protected
• Design lifetime
• Coating system and condition
• Protection potential
• Anode capacity
• Current distribution
• Electrolyte resistivity
• Environmental conditions / impacts
Paint School
• Safety restrictions
JPS-E/Cathodic/27
 Current Density Requirement
Depends On:

A. Environmental parameters B. Steel surface

• Sea water composition and
salinity
• Sea water temperature
• Specific resistivity of sea
water
• Sea water velocity
• Other factors, marine growth
• Painted / not painted
• Steel temperature
• Coating system, if any
• Condition of coating
system

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/28
 Sacrificial Anode material selection
Anode material selection
Main Types • Chemical composition
• Zinc • Electrochemical
• Aluminium performance
• Magnesium - Anode potential
- Stable current
- Consumption
• Anode corrosion pattern
• Price
Paint School
• Class requirements
JPS-E/Cathodic/29
 Current density requirement
acc. to DNV RP B401 (1993)

Initial/final design current densities in A/m2

Depth Tropical Sub-Tropical Temperate Arctic

(m) (> 20 oC) (12-20 oC) (7 - 12 oC) (< 7 oC)

0.150 0.170 0.200 0.250

0 - 30

0.090 0.110 0.130 0.170

0.130 0.150 0.180 0.220

> 30

0.080 0.090 0.110 0.130

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/30
 Current density requirement
acc. to DNV RP B401 (1993)

Me4an (average) design current densities in A/m 2

Tropical Sub-Tropical Temperate Arctic
Depth
(m) (> 20 oC) (12-20 oC) (7 - 12 oC) (< 7 oC)

0 - 30
0.070 0.080 0.100 0.1201)

> 30
0.060 0.070 0.080 0.100

1) Effect of any ice scouring are not included

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/31
 Coating Categories
Acc. to DNV RP B401 (1993)
Category I: Category III:
One layer of primer coat, One layer of primer coat,
about 50 microns nominal plus minimum two layers
DFT (Dry Film Thickness) of intermediate/top coats,
minimum 300 microns
Category II: nominal DFT
One layer of primer coat, Category IV:
plus minimum one layer One layer of primer coat,
of intermediate top coat, plus minimum three layers
150 to 250 microns of intermediate top coats,
nominal DFT. minimum 450 microns
nominal DFT.
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/32
 Coating Break Down Factor
Acc. to DNV RP B401 (1993)
fc = k 1 + k2 t

where fc = coating break down factor

t = coating lifetime
k1 and k2 = constants dependent on coating properties

Coating Category
I II III IV
Depth
k1 = 0.10 k1 = 0.05 k1 = 0.02 k1 = 0.02
(m)
k2 k2 k2 k2

0 - 30 0.10 0.03 0.015 0.012

> 30 0.05 0.02 0.012 0.012

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/33
 Protective
Design Sacrificial Anode System
A. Design criteria
C. Initial and final current
• Current density requirement requirement
– initial
– mean • I INITIAL = A * i init
– final • I FINAL = A * i final
• Design lifetime D. Anode current system capacity
• Anode material
• Anode design (shape and size)
B. Net anode weight requirement
W= Exposed surface area (m²)
• Number of anodes
i = Mean current density (A/ m²)
C= Anode concumption rate (11.2 kg/year for Zn)
( 3.39 kg/year for Al)
L = Design lifetime
U = Utility factor (0.90, normally)

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/34
 Jotun Anode Alloys

Coral A
• Al-Zn-In Alloy
• Increased consumption rate by
increasing temperature
Coral Z
• Zn alloy according to U.S. Mil.
Spec. A-18001
• Intergranular corrosion above
approximately 45 ºC
Noranode
• Zn-Al-Mg Alloy
• Environmental friendly
• Mil. Spec properties below 25 ºC
• Cost effective at elevated
temperature.
– Reduced intergranular corrosion
– Current capacity and consumption
rate relatively stable at increasing
temperatures
– Recommended above 50 ºC

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/35
 Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems
General Advantages:

Sacrificial anode systems Impressed current systems

• Simple, reliable and free • Flexibility under widely
from in-service operator varying operating conditions
surveillance • Weight advantage for large
• System installation is capacity, long life systems
simple (reduced sea water drag)
• Low life cycle cost (LCC)
• Low installation cost
for short term protection

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/36
 Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems
General Disadvantages:

Sacrificial anode systems Impressed current systems

• Large weight for large
capacity, long life systems.
• Response to varying
operating conditions is
limited.
• Relative complexity of
system demands high level
of design expertise.
• In-service operator
surveillance required.

• Hydrodynamic loadings can • Vulnerable to component

be high (Seawater drag) failure or loss of power.
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/37
 Why Choose an ICCP System on Hull

• Smooth hull, no drag

• Flexible dry-docking intervals
• Low cost for long term operation
• Long lifetime, minimum of maintenance
• No welding required at dry docking
• No risk of damaging internal Paint systems
• Fully automatic corrosion protection

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/38
 Why Choose a SACP System on Hull

• Simple installation
• Maintenance free between dry docking

• Low cost for short term operation

• World-wide availability

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/39
 Lifecycle Cost of CP Systems
13000 DWT Car Carrier
90,000

80,000 Zn
70,000

60,000
USD

50,000 Al
40,000

30,000

20,000
ICCP
10,000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Years

Indicates Dry-docking Replacement of an ICCP component

Anodes and Reference electrodes can be replaced whilst in service.

Normally, this is carried out at the dry-docking

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/40
 Life Cycle Cost of CP Systems
Panamax Bulkcarrier

160,000

140,000 Zn
120,000

100,000
USD

80,000
Al
60,000

40,000

20,000
ICCP
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Years

Indicates Dry-docking Replacement of an ICCP component

Anodes and Reference electrodes can be replaced whilst in service.

Normally, this is carried out at the dry-docking

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/41
 Cathodic Protection of
Ballast Water Tanks
1. Impressed current systems are not practical, and in
most Classification Societies not permitted.
2. Magnesium anodes are not permitted.
3. In cargo, or adjacent tanks where the flash point is
below 60 deg. C, Aluminium anodes are only
permitted where the kinetic energy can not exceed
27,5 kpm (275 J).
4. There are no restrictions on the positioning of
Zinc anodes.

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/42
 Current density
Design Criteria

Current density criteria mA/m 2

Tanks: Lloyd's register DNV

Segregated ballast 108 100 - 110
Dirty ballast 86 40 - 60
Washed cargo 108 80 - 90
Top wing 120 120
Coated (epoxy) 5 5 - 10
Soft Coats 20 - 40

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/43
 Example: Tanker vessel.
Clean ballast water. Upper wing tank

Input from customer

• Area : 6400 m2
• Current density : 120 mA/m2
• Life time : 4 years
• Ballast time : 50 %
• Paint system : Unpainted
Anode information
• Anode type : ZTL - 230
• Gross weight : 23 kgs
• Net weight : 21,2 kgs
• Current output : 1,3 Amps
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/44
 Tanks
Conversion Factors from Volume to Area
Examples:
C.T : Volume * 0.7 - 0.9 = Area m²

W.T : Volume * 1.5 - 2.5 = Area m²

Forepeak : Volume * 1,5 - 2.5 = Area m²

D.B.T : Volume * 0.5 - 0.6 = Area m²

U.W.T : Volume * 1.5 - 2.5 = Area m²

Deck head is included
Exact calculations must be based on drawings
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/45
 Example: Tanker vessel.
Clean Ballast Water. Upper wing tank

Net weight:

6400 m2 x 120 mA/m2 x 4 yrs x 50% x 11,2 kg/A.yr

------------------------------------------------------
1000 100
= 17203 kg
17203 kg.
No. of anodes: --------------- = 812 pcs : 812 pcs ZTL-230
21,2 kg/pc
Gross weight: 812 kg x 23kg/pcs = 18676 kg

Check of current requirement: 6400 m2 x 0,12 A/m2 = 768 Amp

Total current output : 1,3 Amp/pc x 812 pcs = 1055,6 Amp

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/46
 Design of Sacrificial Anode System
Double Bottom and Other Narrow Tanks

Information required:
• Theoretical calculation of net weight of anodes
– From previous calculation
• Number of small compartments

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/47
 Design of Sacrificial Anode System
Double Bottom and Other Narrow Tanks

Calculation:

Anode net weight:

Total net weight, kg = Net weight/pc
Number of compartments (pc)
NOTE:
Usually, the number of compartments equal the
number of pieces: Require one anode per compartment
Use nearest standard anode type
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/48
 Example: Tanker vessel.
Clean ballast water. Double Bottom Tank

Input from customer

• Area : 6400 m2
• Current density : 120 mA/m2
• Life time : 4 years
• Ballast time : 50 %
• Paint system : Unpainted
Anode information
• Anode type : ZTL - 230
• Gross weight : 23 kgs
• Net weight : 21,2 kgs
• Current output : 1,3 Amps
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/49
 Example: Tanker vessel.
Clean Ballast Water. Double Bottom Tank

Net weight:

6400 m2 x 120 mA/m2 x 4 yrs x 50% x 11,2 kg/A.yr

------------------------------------------------------
1000 100
= 17203 kg
17203 kg.
No. of anodes: --------------- = 812 pcs : 812 pcs ZTL-230
21,2 kg/pc
Gross weight: 812 kg x 23kg/pcs = 18676 kg

Check of current requirement: 6400 m2 x 0,12 A/m2 = 768 Amp

Total current output : 1,3 Amp/pc x 812 pcs = 1055,6 Amp

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/50
 ICCP - Log report Readings
Current Output Development With Time
Example
Amp.
System capacity
100 -
Grounding (Loss of coating)
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
Years
| | | | | |
1 2 3 4 5 6

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/51
 Cathodic protection of tanks
Current density at different coating breakdown ratio
Coating breakdown
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20
Soft coat / Flow coat
10

2
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Tar Epoxy
Current density mA/m²
Epoxy Mastic
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/52
 Ship hull: Current Density at
Different Paint Damage
Not applicable: Repaint
Paint damage, %
ICCP is recommended,
not sacrificial anodes
100
Sacrificial Anodes
and ICCP can be used

45

15

0 20 70
Current density, mA/ m²

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/53
 Galvanic Series in Sea Water
Corrosion Potentials vs. 3 Reference Electrodes
Metal / Alloy Ag / AgCl Zn Cu/Cu SO4
Graphite + 0.25 + 1.28 + 0.17
Titanium 0 + 1.03 - 0.08
Stainless steel (Passive) - 0.50 + 0.98 - 0.13
Copper-Nickel (90/10) - 0.23 + 0.80 - 0.31
Copper - 0.33 + 0.70 - 0.41
Brass - 0.34 + 0.69 - 0.42
Stainless steel (Corroding) - 0.35 + 0.68 - 0.43
Mild steel - 0.66 + 0.37 - 0.69
Aluminium - 0.80 + 0.23 - 0.88
Zinc - 1.03 0 - 1.11
*) Potential in seawater measured versus
Magnesium a copper/coppersulphate
- 1.60 - 0.57 reference electrode
- 1.68
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/54
 Interference

Anode
+_

Corrosion

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/55
 Impressed current system anodes

Anode current density Consumption rate

Type in seawater (kg/A year)
(A/m2)
2 -6
MIXED METALOXYDE 500 - 1000 < 1 x 10

PLATINIUM 500 - 1000 6 x 10 -6

- Disc 1000 - 5000 1 x 10 -5
- Thread

LEAD-SILVER 160 - 220 0,05 - 0,2

Pb - 6% Sb - 1% Ag 160 - 220 0,03 - 0,06
Pb - 6% Sb - 1% Ag

GRAPHITE 10 - 40 0,2 - 0,5

IRON-SILISIUM
Fe - 14,5% Si - 4,5% Cr 10 - 40 0,2 - 0,5

SCRAP IRON - 7-9

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/56
 Anode performance data

Anode Specific Closed circuit Driving Capacity Consumption

types gravity potential vs. Zn voltage (Ah/Kg) rate
3
(Kg/dm ) ( Volt) (Volt) ( Kg/ A*Year)

Zinc 7.13 0 0.23 781 11.2

Aluminium 2.78 -0.02 0.25 2585 3.39

Magnesium 1.84 -0.47 0.7 1200 7.3

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/57
 Aluminium Anodes
Small vessels
This guide is based on a 3 year (36 month) replacement period (dry-docking interval).
Vessel Type Surface Anode Type Current Density - mA/m2 Number of Total
Area (% coating breakdown) Anodes Weight
Kgs
Tug / Small Vessels 500 A - 50 25 (15 %) 32 160

Supply Vessel 2000 A - 80 20 (10 - 15 %) 60 480

Reefer / Container 4000 A -130 15 (5 - 10 %) 58 754

Tanker / Bulker 18000 A - 180 10 (2-5 %) 120 2160

This design is for the hull only and does not allow for the seachests, thruster tunnels etc..
The calculation is the same, but with specific current densities.

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/58
 Zinc Anodes
This guide is based on a 3 year (36 month) replacement period (dry-docking interval).

Vessel Type Surface Anode Type Current Density Number of Total

Area - mA/m2 pieces Gross
(% coating breakdown) Weight - Kgs

Tug / Small Vessels 500 Z-85 25 (15 %) 54 459

Supply Vessel 2000 Z-160 20 (10 - 15 %) 92 1472

Reefer / Container 4000 Z-270 15 (5 - 10 %) 80 2160

Tanker / Bulker 18000 Z-200 10 (2-5 %) 316 6320

This design is for the hull only and does not allow for the seachests, thruster tunnels etc..
The calculation is the same, but with specific current Densities

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/59
 Principle : Effect of using CP
Corrosion Curves depend on
- Coating condition
- CP-design
Corrosion
CP and coating
at newbuilding

CP installed
Coating breakdown

Time
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/60
 Steel passivation by sacrificial anodes

Without Cathodic Protection

Seawater
Paint Rust

Steel

With Cathodic Protection

Seawater Anode current Anode

Paint

Steel Calcareous layer

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/61
 Ships hull: Current density as
function of coating breakdown
Coating breakdown Current density

2-5% 10 mA/m2
5-10 % 15 mA/m2
10-15 % 20 mA/m2
15-20 % 30 mA/m2
20-25 % 40 mA/m2
25-30 % 50 mA/m2

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/62
 CP of ships:
Additional Areas Requiring Protection.

Location Current density

Seachests 40 mA/m2
Thruster tunnel 150 mA/m2
Propeller nozzle 150 mA/m2
Rudder 100 mA/m2
Rudder flaps 150 mA/m2
Anti-suction tunnels 100 mA/m2
Propeller (Uncoated) 500 mA/m2
Azimuth propeller 150 mA/m2
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/63
 Sacrificial Anode System

 Aluminium alloy anodes

 Zinc alloy anodes (technically equal)
Aluminium is recommended
prior to zinc because:
 Aluminium anode weight is approx. 1/3 of zinc
 Total price for equal protection: Al. anodes
approx 1/2 of Zinc anodes
 Lower installation costs due to weight difference
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/64
 Cathodic Protection
 ICCP - Impressed Current
 SACP - Sacrificial Anodes
 EAF - Electrolytic Antifouling System for
seawater systems (CUPROBAN)
 Slip ring arrangement for propeller shaft

Coatings and Cathodic Protection

 The Single Source Solution
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/65
 Sacrificial Anode System
Disadvantages

 Increases the frictional resistance

 Adds weight to the vessel
 The shipyard often supply the anodes at a
very low price (charge more for installation)

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/66
 Cathodic protection
Sacrificial Anodes or Impressed Current

 Anodes increase the frictional resistance

compared with impressed current systems
 Adds weight to the vessel
 Aluminium anode weight is approx. 1/3 of zinc
 Total price for equal protection:
Al. anodes approximately half the price of
Zinc anodes

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/67
 Location of Pitguard Anodes
Web Frame

Web Frame

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/68
 Type of products
Grounding Equipment

• Rudder grounding
• Shaft grounding equipment
• Earthing cables

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/69
 Slipring Arrangement
Silver
Graphite Earth to Hull
Brush

Shaft

Steel Slipring mV meter

Silver Inlay
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/70
 Slip Ring Arrangement

• Protects against spark corrosion in the

engine bearings
– Very high cost to replace bearing
– The vessel cannot operate with damaged
bearings
• Reduces corrosion on propeller
– Extends propeller life
– Reduces polishing needs on the propeller
Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/71
 Slip Ring Arrangement

Grounding of the propeller and shaft

Fixed to intermediate shaft in engine room
Beneficial if SACP or ICCP systems are
used

Paint School
JPS-E/Cathodic/72