Prepared by:

Budi Aswoyo
 Antenna EM Wave

Cable / Space or
Waveguide air
Info in/ Transmitter/
out Receiver
 Definition of an Antenna
Antenna ( or Areal ) :
Device that has function to transmit or receive the
electromagnetic (EM) wave energy form cable media
to space (air) or from space (air) to cable media.

Characteristic of a good antenna:

 To produce the direction (radiation pattern) and
polarization of EM wave needed.
 Has good efficiency > 40 %.
 Voltage standing wave radio (VSWR) < 1.5 (S11= 2.00
or return loss < - 14 dB).
Various type of antennas
Illustration of Transmission mode
Illustration of Reception mode

6
 Illustration of radiation
mechanism’s of an antenna (1)

Electric field

Electric field
Electric
field

7
 Illustration of radiation
mechanism’s of an antenna (2)
Flux of Electric field
Antenna

Radiation
Radiation
of EM
of EM
wave
wave
 Illustration of radiation
mechanism’s of an antenna (3)

Radiation Radiation
of EM wave of EM wave

9
The antenna characteristics

 Radiation pattern
 Polarization
 Efficiency (Radiation Eff.)
 Directivity
 Gain
 VSWR (Voltage Standing
Wave Ratio)
 Bandwidth
 Radiation pattern
Radiation pattern is the graphical representation that is
represent the property radiation EM energy (electric
field/power) from an antenna (in the far field region)
function of direction.
direction direction

Two dimension Three dimension

Radiation pattern in coordinate system

Elevation
direction (q)

or
Main lobe

Azimuth
direction (f)
Illustration of radiation pattern

Polar plot
(coordinate)

Antenna Radiation pattern

 Components of radiation pattern

1.0
side lobe 0.8
0.6
0.4 Half Power
Beam Width
(HPBW)
minor lobes
back lobe or
BEAMWIDTH
side lobe
Half power points

Main lobe/
main beam
 Representation of normalized
radiation pattern (1)
Linear E (q , f )
Enorm (q , f ) 
Normalized (max=1.0) Emax (q , f )
Field Pattern
Decibel  E (q , f ) 
Enorm (q , f ) (dB)  20 log  
(max= 0 dB)  max
E (q , f ) 
Normalized
Radiation
Pattern P (q , f )  E (q , f ) 
2
Linear Pnorm (q , f )    
(max=1.0) Pmax (q , f )  Emax (q , f ) 
Normalized
Power Pattern
Decibel  P (q , f ) 
Pnorm (q , f ) (dB)  10 log  
(max= 0 dB)  Pmax (q , f ) 

In dB unit Pnorm (q , f ) (dB)  Enorm (q , f ) (dB)

 Representation of normalized
radiation pattern (2)

Normalized Field Normalized Power Normalized Field Pattern

Pattern (Linear) Pattern (Linear) or Power Pattern (dB)
16
The radiation pattern of an antenna
describes the beam of the power density
amplitude of an antenna in one plane.
 An isotropic antenna is a theoretical point source of electromagnetic wave which
radiates the same intensity of radiation in all directions.
 It has no preferred direction of radiation.
 It radiates uniformly in all directions over a sphere centred on the source.
 Isotropic radiators are used as reference radiators with which other sources are
compared.
Point source

Isotropic pattern/beam
 An omnidirectional antenna is a class of antenna which radiates electromagnetic
wave power uniformly in all directions in one plane, with the radiated power
decreasing with elevation angle above or below the plane, dropping to zero on the
antenna's axis.
 This radiation pattern is often described as "doughnut shaped".

Folded dipole antenna

Dipole antenna
Omni directional pattern/beam

Monopole antenna Beconical antenna

19
 A directional antenna or beam antenna is an antenna which radiates
greater power in one or more directions allowing for increased performance
on transmit and receive and reduced interference from unwanted sources.

Directional pattern/beam

Pyramidal horn antenna Grid reflector antenna Parabolic antenna Yagi antenna Log periodic antenna
 Polarization
 The name of antenna
polarization is based on the
orientation of the electric field
lines in the electromagnetic
wave radiated or received by
the antenna.
 Linear polarization includes vertical, horizontal or slant (any
angle)
 Typical non-linear includes right- and left-hand circular (also
elliptical)
 Horizontal
Polarization
Linear Slant (any angle)
polarization Vertical polarization
polarization
Polarization
Right Hand Circular Polarization
(RHCP)
Non Linear
Polarization Left Hand Circular Polarization
(LHCP)
Elliptical Polarization
 Electric field
Electric field

Horizontal polarization Vertical polarization

Electric field

Electric field
Direction of Direction of
propagation propagation
toward us toward us

Left Handed Circular Polarization Right Handed Circular Polarization

 The antenna efficiency (or radiation efficiency) can be
written as the ratio of the radiated power to the input
power of the antenna:
P radiated  Efficiency is ultimately a ratio, giving a
eff  number between 0 and 1.
P input
 Efficiency is very often quoted in
eff (dB)  10 log eff terms of a percentage; for example, an
efficiency of 0.5 is the same as 50%.
Antenna  Antenna efficiency is also frequently
P input quoted in decibels (dB); an efficiency
P radiated of 0.1 is 10% or (-10 dB), and an
efficiency of 0.5 or 50% is -3 dB.
 Directivity is the maximum radiation intensity in a given
direction relative to the average radiation intensity
(isotropic).
D(dB)  10 log D

Tx
Paverage 
4R 2
Max radiation Max radiation

D times
Isotropic
Dipole l/2

25
 Gain of an antenna is gain of radiated power by a riil antenna in
maximum direction comparing to the isotropic antenna.
 Generally it is expressed in dBi or dBd ( 0 dBd = 2.15 dBi).
 Gain for an antenna also define by
multiply of efficiency and directivity of
antenna
G  eff x D
 If an antenna assume that
efficiency = 100%; so

GD
 Forward wave
Antenna
Cable (Zo) (Zin)
No reflected wave
Zin = Zo (matched)
Forward wave
Antenna
Cable (Zo) (Zin)
Reverse wave Zin = Zo
STANDING WAVE (missmatched)
Zo = Characteristic Impedance of transmission line
Zin = Input Impedance of antenna
 VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred to as
Standing Wave Ratio (SWR).
 VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient ( or S11) , which
describes the power reflected from the antenna. VSWR is defined by the
following formula:

 VSWR is the ratio of the maximum ampli-

tude to the minimum amplitude of a
standing wave:
V max
VSWR 
V min
 The minimum VSWR is 1.0. In this case,
no power is reflected from the antenna,
which is ideal.
matched
Return Loss (dB) = 20log((VSWR+1) / (VSWR-1))
 Bandwidth of an antenna is the range frequency where the
VSWR of antenna least equal to 1.5.
BW = fU - fL
 
1.5
BW = fU - fL x 100%
VSWR

fC
BW = bandwidth antenna
X fU = upper frequency
 fL = lower frequency
1.0 fC = centre frequency

0
BW=20% or more Wideband
fL fC fU freq. antenna
BW BW= 50% or more Ultra
Wideband antenna
31
Examples of Antennas &
their Characteristics:
 Elevation

Azimuth

Characteristics
 Polarization: horizontal Typical Applications
 Beamwidth: 80° x 360°  TV “Rabbit ears”
 Bandwidth: 10%  FM radio (folded dipole)
 Gain: 2.15 dB  Standard antenna

33
 Elevation (q)

Azimuth (f)

Characteristics Typical Applications

 Polarization: vertical  Automobile radio
 Beamwidth: 45° x 360°  FM Radio

 Bandwidth: 10%  Military (army)

 Gain: 0 dB communications
 Elevation (q) Azimuth (f)

Characteristics Typical Applications

 Polarization: circular  Mobile communications
 Beamwidth: 50° x 50°  Space communication
 Bandwidth: 20%  Animal tracking
 Gain: 10 dB
35
 Elevation (q)

Azimuth (f)

Characteristics Typical Applications

 Polarization: horizontal  TV reception
 Beamwidth: 90° x 50°  Amateur radio

 Bandwidth: 5%
 Gain: 5 to 15 dB

36
 Elevation (q)

Azimuth (f)

Characteristics Typical Applications

 Polarization: vertical / horizontal  Amateur radio
 Beamwidth: 80° x 60°  Standard antenna
 Bandwidth: 10 to 90%
 Gain: 6 to 8 dB
 Elevation (q)

Azimuth (f)

Characteristics Typical Applications

 Polarization: linear  Radio astronomy
 Beamwidth: 40° x 30°  Electronic warfare

 Bandwidth: 4 to 40%  Antenna testing

 Gain: 4 to 10 dB
 Elevation (q) Azimuth (f)

Characteristics Typical Applications

 Polarization: depends on feed  Satellite Communication
 Beamwidth: 0.5° x 30°  Microwave link
 Bandwidth: varies  Radio astronomy
 Gain: 10 to 55 dB  Search & track radar

39
 Elevation (q)

Azimuth (f)

Characteristics Typical Applications

 Polarization: linear / circular  Radio broadcasting
 Beamwidth: 0.5° x 30°  Search & track radar

 Bandwidth: varies  Weather radar

 Gain: 10 to 40 dB  (severe storm watch)