Geography of the World

Age: 4.55 billion years old.

Total area: 510.072 million sq km (196.940 million sq mi). Land area: 148.94
million sq km (57.506 million sq mi). Water area: 361.132 million sq km
(139.434 million sq mi). Coastline: 356,000 km (221,208 mi). Note:70.9% of the
world is water, 29.1% is land.
Land boundaries: 251,060 km (156,262.58 mi.), not counting shared
boundaries twice.
Climate: Two large areas of polar climates are separated by two rather narrow
temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical
climates.
Terrain: Highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,850 m (29,035 ft) and lowest land
depression is the Dead Sea at –411 m (–1,349 ft) below sea level. The greatest
ocean depth is the Mariana Trench at –10,924 m (–35,840 ft) in the Pacific
Ocean.
Land use: Arable land: 10.43%. Permanent crops: 1.15%. Other: 88.42%(2011
est.). Irrigated land:3,096,621.45 sq km.
GREECE
THE ANCIENT GREEKS MAY BE MOST FAMOUS
FOR THEIR ISEAS AND PHILOSOPHIES ON
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS.
IT WAS IN GREECE, AND PARTICULARLY ATHENS,
THAT DEMOCRACY WAS FIRST CONCEIVES AND
USED AS A PRIMARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT.
ANCIENT GREECE WAS MADE UP Of CITY-STATES.
A CITY STATE WAS A MOHOR CITY AND THE
SORROUNDING AREAS

POLITICS AND SOCIETY

FARMING IN ANCIENT GREECE WAS DIFFICULT
DUE TO T HE LIMITED AMOUNT OF GOOD SOIL
AND CROPLAND. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT ONLY 20
PERCENT OF THE LAND WAS USABLE FOR
GROWING COPS. THE M AIN CROPS WERE BARLEY,
GRAPES AND OLIVE. GRAIN CROPS, SUCH AS
BARLEY AND WHEAT WERE PLANTED IN CTIBER
AND HARVESTED IN APRIL OR MAY.

AGRICULTURE AND TRADE

TOP FAMOUS GREEK PEPLE
• ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• SOCRATES
• PLATO
• ARISTOTLE
• ARCHIMEDES

SIGNIFICANT
PERSONALITIES
• THE ART REFLECT THE SOCIETY THAT CREATES
THEM.NOWHERE IS THIS TRUER THAN IN THE
CASE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS. THRIUGH THEIR
TEMPLES. PRINCIPLE OF THEIR CULTURE
SCULPTURE AND POTTERY. THE GREEKS
INCORPORATED A FUNDAMENTAL PRINVIPLE OF
THEIR CULTURE.

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

THE ARCHITECTURE IN GREECE HAS GONE
THROUGH MANY PHASES: FROM THE DORIC AND
IONIC STYLE OF THE TEMPLES IN THE CLASSICAL
TIMES, TO THE BYZANTINE STYLE OF THE
CHURCHES AND THE NEOCLASSICAL STYLE OF
RECENT YEARS. EVERY ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
SHOWS THE CULTURE AND TRADITIONS OF THAT
ERA. THE ARCHITECTURE IN VILLAGES AND
ISLANDS IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE
ARCHITECTURE IN LARGE CITIES.
LANGUAGE: GREEK
LITERACY: AGE 15 AND OVER CAN READ AND
WRITE
TOTAL POPULATION: 97.7 %
MALE: 98.5%
FEMALE 96.9%

LANGUAGE, LITERACY AND

EDUCATION
Primary education is divided into kindergarten lasting one
or two years, and primary school spanning six years (ages 6
to 12). Secondary education comprises two
stages: Gymnasio (variously translated as Middle or Junior
High School), a three-year school, after which students can
attend Lykeion or Vocational lykeion. Higher Tertiary
education is provided by Universities, Technological
Universities (T.E.I.) and Academies which primarily cater
for the military and the clergy. Undergraduate courses
typically last 4 years (5 in polytechnics and some
technical/art schools, and 6 in medical
schools), postgraduate (MSc level) courses last from 1 to 2
years and doctorates (PhD level) from 3 to 6 years.
 INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
• CARTOGRAPHY
• CRANE
• VENDING MACHINE
• ANCIENT OLUMPIC GMAE
• LIGHTHOUSE

INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES
AND INTRODUCTIONS
ANCIENT GREEK SOCIAL HIERARCHY
• ATHENS – THE UPPER CLASS. THE TOPMOST
AND SUPERIOR CLASS IN THE ANCIENT GREEK
SOCIAL HIERARCHY WAS THIS UPPER CLASS. ...
• METICS – THE MIDDLE CLASS. THE NEXT
STRATA OF THE ANCIENT GREEK SOCIETY WAS
THE MIDDLE CLASS. ...
• FREEDMEN – THE LOWER CLASS. ...
• THE SLAVES

SOCIAL CLASSES
• EURO

FORM OF CURRENCY
• MURDERERS WERE SOMETIMES THROWN INTO
A PIT OF SHARP SPIKES CALLED THE
BARATHRON.
• SERIOUS CRIMINALS SUCH AS KIDNAPPERS
WERE PUT TO DEATH.
• THE SPARTANS CAST THEIR CRIMINALS INTO A
DRY WELL TO DIE.
• PEOPLE WHO WERE CALLED EXILES WERE CAST
OUT FROM THEIR HOMELAND AND FORCED TO
LAVE THEIR FAMILY AN PROPERTY BEHIND. THE
SENTENCE FOR EXILE WAS USUALLY FOR LONG
PERIODS OF TIME, SUCH AS 10 YEARS TO LIFE.

SYSTEM OF PUNISHMENT
• SOME OF THE CRIMES IN ANCIENT GREECE WERE
MURDER, THEFT AND ASSAULT.
• OFFENDING THE GODS GAVE THE PERSON BAD
LUCK ON HIMSELF, HIS FAMILY, FRIENDS AND
DESCENDANTS. ALSO HE BROUGHT SHAME AND
ILL FUTURE ON HIS CITY.
• THE WORST THIEVES KAKOUJRGI, THEY
BURGLARIZED OR STOLE PURSES AND FINE
CLOTHING
• GENERAL PUNISHMENT WERE MILD, FINES AND
LOSS OF PROPERTY. SOME MORE SERIOUS
PUNISHMENTS CONSISTED OF POISONING,
STONING AND BEHEADING
• MATHEMATICS DEDUCTIONS – THALES
OF MILETUS
• THALES THEOREM
• INTERCEPT THEOREM

MATHEMATICS
• THE GREEK CUISINE IS FAMOUS FOR ITS GOOD
QUALITY PRODUCTS AND THE AMAZING TASTE
OF ITS FOOD AND WINES. SOME DISHES ARE THE
SAME EVERYWHERE IN GREECE, WHEREAS
SOME OTHERS ARE LOCAL CULINARY
SPECIALTIES. THE SAME DISHES CAN BE
COOKED DIFFERENTLY OR WITH DIFFERENT
INGREDIENTS DEPENDING ON THE REGION.
FOOD IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE GREEK
CULTURE.

CULTURE
MOST FESTIVALS IN GREECE TAKE PLACE IN
SUMMER. THEY CAN BE RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS
(PANIGIRI) ON THE OCCASION OF THE NAME DAY
OF THE PROTECTOR SAINT IN A VILLAGE OR
TOWN, OR THEY CAN ALSO BE CULTURAL
FESTIVALS WITH VARIOUS EVENTS. THESE
FESTIVALS CONSTITUTE AN INTEGRAL PART OF
THE LOCAL CULTURE AND ATTRACT MANY
VISITORS,
MANY CULTURAL EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN GREECE
ALL YEAR ROUND. PARTICULARLY FAMOUS IS THE
ATHENS EPIDAURUS GREEK FESTIVAL, WITH EVENTS
IN THE ANCIENT THEATRE OF EPIDAURUS, THE
HERODEION THEATRE IN ATHENS AND OTHER VENUES.
SUCH FESTIVALS WITH MUSIC CONCERTS, THEATRE
PERFORMANCES, LECTURES AND CUSTOM REVIVALS
TAKE PLACE IN ALL GREEK ISLANDS AND TOWNS,
USUALLY IN SUMMER, PRESENTING THE LOCAL
CULTURE AND OCCASIONALLY HOSTING
INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATIONS SOURCE:
RELIGION PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
UNDERSTANDING OF DAILY CULTURE. THE 98% OF
THE GREEKS ARE CHRISTIANS ORTHODOX. THE
REST OF THE POPULATION ARE MUSLIMS, ROMAN
CATHOLICS AND JEWISH. GREECE AND RUSSIA
ARE THE ONLY COUNTRIES TO HAVE SUCH A BIG
PROPORTION OF CHRISTIANS ORTHODOX. THE
ORTHODOX CHURCH FORMS THE THIRD LARGEST
BRANCH OF CHRISTIANITY, AFTER THE ROMAN
CATHOLICS AND THE PROTESTANTS.

RELIGION
• THR BODY IS USUALLY VIEWED DURING
FUNERAL. THE GREEK ORTHODOX FUNERAL
CEREMONY IS TYPICALLY HELD IN A CHURCH,
USUALLY WITHIN TWO TO THREE DAYS OF THE
DEATH ( CAN BE UP TO ONE WEEK AFTER)
• THE GREEKS BELIEVED THAT THE AFTER
DEATH, A SOUL WENT ON JOURNEY TO A PLACE
CALLED THE UNDERWORLD (WHICH THEY
CALLED HADES).

DEATH AND BURIAL

PRACTICES
• HEALTHCARE IN GREECE CONSISTS OF A
UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM PROVIDED
THROUGH NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE, AND
PRIVATE HEALTH CARE. ACCORDING TO THE
2011 BUDGET, THE GREEK HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
WAS ALLOCATED 6.1 BILLION EURO, OR 2.8% OF
GDP.

HEALTH MEDICINE AND

BEAUTY
• HIPPOCRATES, KNOWN AS THE "FATHER OF MODERN
MEDICINE", ESTABLISHED A MEDICAL SCHOOL AT COS
AND IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FIGURE IN ANCIENT
GREEK MEDICINE. HIPPOCRATES AND HIS STUDENTS
DOCUMENTED NUMEROUS ILLNESSES IN THE
HIPPOCRATIC CORPUS, AND DEVELOPED THE
HIPPOCRATIC OATH FOR PHYSICIANS, WHICH IS STILL
IN USE TODAY.
• FRESHLINE IS RESOLUTELY GREEK, USING ANCIENT
GREEK KNOWLEDGE ON HERBAL THERAPIES. THEY
OFFER A WIDE LINE OF HANDCRAFTED SOAPS, SOLID
SHAMPOOS, BATH BOMBS AND FACE MASKS SOLD BY
THE WEIGHT. THE FACE AND BODY PRODUCTS ARE
MADE USING A UNIQUE BLEND OF TEA INFUSED WITH
LOCAL HERBS.
• MOST GREEKS LIVE AS NUCLEAR FAMILIES IN A
SINGLE HOUSEHOLD; HOWEVER, THE EXTENDED
FAMILY IS KEPT CLOSE AND VISITED OFTEN. IN
SOME CASES, MORE THAN TWO GENERATIONS MAY
LIVE TOGETHER. THIS USUALLY OCCURS WHEN
AGING GRANDPARENTS HAVE MOVED IN TO LIVE
AND BE CARED FOR BY THE CORE FAMILY UNIT.
NURSING HOMES AND RESIDENTIAL CARE ARE
VIEWED NEGATIVELY; IF GREEKS MUST LIVE IN A
NURSING HOME, THEIR CHILDREN ARE EXPECTED
TO VISIT THEM OFTEN AND MAKE ALL
ARRANGEMENTS FOR THEM.

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE
• AGE GIVES AUTHORITY IN GREEK FAMILIES AND
SOCIETY AT LARGE.
• THE ELDERLY ARE GIVEN UTMOST RESPECT AND ARE
CONSULTED WHEN ANY MAJOR DECISION IS MADE.
MOST PEOPLE ARE TAUGHT NEVER TO TALK BACK OR
ARGUE WITH THE OPINIONS OF THOSE OLDER THAN
THEM.
• GREEK PARENTS GENERALLY HAVE A LOT OF
INFLUENCE OVER THEIR CHILDREN THROUGHOUT
THEIR LIVES AND ARE DEEPLY DEVOTED TO THEM.
INDEED
• GREEK CHILDREN OFTEN LIVE IN THEIR PARENTS’
HOME FOR YEARS INTO THEIR ADULTHOOD. NEWLYWED
COUPLES MAY ALSO LIVE IN THE HOME OF THEIR IN-
LAWS UNTIL THEY CAN FIND OR AFFORD THEIR OWN
HOUSING. GREEKS OFTEN ASSIST THEIR RELATIVES IN
FINDING EMPLOYMENT AS WELL.
• THE ‘ΓΙΑΓΙΆ’ (GRANDMOTHER) AND ‘PAPPOÚS’
(GRANDFATHER) PLAY A PARTICULARLY
IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHILD RAISING, OFTEN
LOOKING AFTER A CHILD WHENEVER PARENTS ARE
UNAVAILABLE. MANY
• GREEKS ALSO HAVE A PAIR OF GODPARENTS THAT
ARE CHOSEN AT THEIR BIRTH. THE CHOICE OF
‘NONÁ’ (GODMOTHER) AND ‘NONÓS’ (GODFATHER)
IS PARTICULARLY SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT
REPRESENTS THE SOLIDIFICATION OF A FRIENDSHIP
WITHIN THE INNER FAMILY.
• IT IS EXPECTED GRANDPARENTS AND GODPARENTS
WILL TAKE RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT A
CHILD FINISHES THEIR EDUCATION AND ENTERS
THE WORKFORCE IF ANYTHING RENDERS THEIR
PARENTS UNABLE TO CARE FOR THEM.
GREEK SOCIETY HAS BEEN TRADITIONALLY MALE
DOMINATED. THERE HAS BEEN QUITE A MASCULINE
IDEAL OF MEN CAST AS THE STRONG PROVIDER FOR
THE FAMILY. MANY GREEK MEN TODAY CONTINUE TO
FEEL THAT IT IS THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO BE THE
PROVIDER AND BREADWINNER FOR THEIR FAMILY, AS
SOCIETY IS STILL QUITE PATRIARCHAL. SOME MAY
FEEL THAT IT IS EMASCULATING TO HAVE THEIR WIFE
EARN MORE THAN THEMSELVES. TODAY, MOST GREEK
WOMEN RECEIVE A HIGH LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND
WORK TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE HOUSEHOLD INCOME;
HOWEVER, THEY ARE STILL EXPECTED TO BE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE HOUSEHOLD
DUTIES. WOMEN ALSO FACE CHALLENGES DUE TO THE
WAGE GAPS IN THE GREEK WORKFORCE.

GENDER AND SEXUALITY

• CANAMAN, JEREMIE
• CASTRILLO, FRANCE LEONARD
• CORPUZ, LOISY ANN
• DIAZ, JAYMILYN
• MORENO, LEONISSA
• O-YOA, JAY ANN
• SANORJO, CLAUDE MARK

GROUP 3