Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Lec-07
Bond and Development Length
By
6
− Beam under transverse loads,
− According to simple crack
sectional theory, T is proportional
to the moment diagram and u is
proportional to shear force
diagram.
− In actual, T is less than the
simple analysis prediction
everywhere except at the actual
cracks.
− Similarly, u is equal with simple
analysis prediction only at the
location where slopes of the steel
force diagrams are equals .If the
slope is greater than assumed,
bond stress is greater; if the slope
is less bond stress is less.
7
ULTIMATE BOND STRENGTH AND
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
− Types of bond failure
8
Depar
tment
a. Ultimate Bond Strength
− Direct pull out
− For sufficiently confined bar, adhesive bond and friction are overcome as the
tensile force on the bar is increased. Concrete eventually crushes locally ahead
of the bar deformation and bar pullout results.
− When pull out resistance is overcome or when splitting has spread all the
way to the end of an unanchored bar, complete bond failure occurs.
− Splitting
− Splitting comes from wedging action when the ribs of the deformed bars bear
against the concrete.
− Splitting in vertical plane
− Splitting in horizontal plane: frequently begins at a diagonal crack in
connection with dowel action. Shear and bond failures are often interrelated.
− Local bond failure
− Large local variation of bond stress caused by flexural and diagonal cracks
immediately adjacent to cracks leads to this failure below the failure load of the
beam.
− Results small slip and some widening of cracks and increase of deflections.
− Harmless as long as the failure does not propagate all along the bar.
− Providing end anchorage, hooks or extended length of straight bar (development
length concept)
9
Consider a bar embedded in a
mass of concrete
P = s * [p*db2/4]
P = t*[Lb*p*db]
db
Lb
To force the bar to be the weak link: tmax * [Lb*p*db] > smax * [p*db2/4]
Lb > (smax / tmax)* [db/4]
Development Length
− Ld = development length
− the shortest distance over which a bar can achieve it’s
full capacity
− The length that it takes a bar to develop its full
contribution to the moment capacity, Mn
Ld
Mn
0
Cc
Mn = (C or T)*(dist)
Ts
Steel Limit, smax
− Using the bilinear assumption of ACI 318:
smax = + fy
− Safety against bond failure: the length of the bar from any point of
given steel stress to its nearby end must be at least equal to its
development length. If the length is inadequate, special anchorage
can be provided.
ACI CODE PROVISION FOR DEVELOPMENT
OF TENSION REINFORCEMENT
Limit
(c + ktr) / db = 2.5 for
pullout case
√f’c are not to be
greater than 100 psi.
21
Depar
tment
For two cases of practical importance, using (c + ktr) / db = 1.5,
22
Example:
23
Continue:
24
Depar
tment
Continue:
25
ANCHORAGE OF TENSION BARS BY
HOOKS
In the event that the desired tensile stress in a bar can not
be developed by bond alone, it is necessary to provide
special anchorage at the end of the bar.
26
27
b. Development Length and Modification
Factors for Hooked Bars
28
29
Department of
Example
30
Depar
tment
ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR
WEB REINFORCEMENT
31
DEVELOPMENT OF BARS IN
COMPRESSION
− Reinforcement may be
required to develop its
compressive strength by
embedment under various
circumstances.
Given a simply
supported beam with a
distributed load.
Determining Locations of Flexural
Cutoffs
Note:
Total bar length =
Fully effective length
+ Development length
Determining Locations of Flexural
Cutoffs
ACI 12.10.3
All longitudinal tension bars
must extend a min. distance
= d (effective depth of the
member) or 12 db (usually
larger) past the theoretical
cutoff for flexure (Handles
uncertainties in loads, design
approximations,etc..)
Determining Locations of Flexural
Cutoffs
Development of flexural
reinforcement in a typical
continuous beam.
ACI 318R-02 - 12.10 for
flexural reinforcement
Bar Cutoffs - General Procedure
All Bars
Rule 1. Bars must extend the longer of d or 12db past
the flexural cutoff points except at supports
or the ends of cantilevers (ACI 12.11.1)
Mn
ld la
Vu
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
a As f y
M n As f y d where, a
2 0.85 f cb
To determine the position of the cutoff or bent point
the moment diagram due to external loading is drawn.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
a
M nb Abs f y d where, Abs area of bar
2
The intersection of the moment resistance lines with
the external bending moment diagram indicates the
theoretical points where each bar can be terminated.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
Given a beam with the 4 #8 bars and
fc=3 ksi and fy=50 ksi and d = 20 in.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
The moment diagram is
Moment Diagram
3000
2500
2000
k-in
1500
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ft
Moment Resistance Diagrams
a
As f y
3.16 in 2
50 ksi 5.2 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85 3 ksi 12 in.
5.2 in.
M nb 0.79 in 50 ksi 20 in.
2
688 k-in.
2
M ub M nb 0.9 688 k-in. 620 k-in.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
3000
2480 k-in
2500
2000 1860 k-in
k-in
3000
2480 k-in
2500
2000 1860 k-in
a
k-in
la 12d b or d
12 1.0 in. or 20 in. 20 in.
ld
l f y d b
50000 1.0 in.
20 f c 20 3000
45.6 in. 46 in.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
It is necessary to develop
part of the strength of the bar
by bond. The ACI Code
specifies that every bar
should be continued at least
a distance d, or 12db , which
ever is greater, beyond the
theoretical points a, b, and c.
Section 12.11.1 specify that
1/3 of positive moment
reinforcement must be
continuous.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
a
As f y
3.16 in 40 ksi
2
4.93 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85 3 ksi 10 in.
4.93 in.
M nb 0.79 in 40 ksi 17.5 in.
2
2
427.7 k-in. 35.64 k-ft.
Example – Cutoff
M x M 0 mx
Example – Cutoff
la 12d b or d
12 1.0 in. or 17.5 in. 18 in.
ld
l f y d b
40000 1.0 in.
20 f c 20 3000
36.6 in. 37 in.
Example – Cutoff
The cutoff for the second bar is 83 in. + 18 in. 101 in. or
8 ft 5 in. (37-in+5-in+18-in+41-in= 101-in.)
The moment diagram is the blue line and the red line is
the envelope which encloses the moment diagram.
Bar Splices
Lap Splices shall not be used for bars larger than No. 11.
(ACI 12.14.2)
Lap Splices should be placed in away from regions of
high tensile stresses -locate near points of inflection
(ACI 12.15.1)
Compression Lap Splice (ACI 12.16)
ld 3 fy gl
d b 40 f c c K tr
db
3 60000 1.0
42.4 43 in.
40 5000 1.5 in. 0
1.0 in.
Example – Splice Tension
The As(provided) /As(required) > 2, class A splice applies;
therefore lst = 1.0 ld >12 in., so lst = 43 in. > 12 in.
The bars spliced are less than half the number