Interest Grabber

Section 11-1

Analyzing Inheritance
Offspring resemble their parents.
Offspring inherit genes for characteristics
from their parents. To learn about
inheritance, scientists have experimented
with breeding various plants and animals.
In each experiment shown in the table on
the next slide, two pea plants with
Go to
Section:different characteristics were bred. Then,
 Interest Grabber continued

Section 11-1

Parents First Generation Second Generation

Long stems  short stems All long 787 long: 277 short
Red flowers  white flowers All red 705 red: 224 white
Green pods  yellow pods All green 428 green: 152 yellow
Round seeds  wrinkled seeds All round 5474 round: 1850 wrinkled
Yellow seeds  green seeds All yellow 6022 yellow: 2001 green

1. In the first generation of each

experiment, how do the characteristics
of the offspring compare to the parents’
characteristics?
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Section:
 Section Outline

Section 11-1

11–1The Work of
Gregor Mendel
A. Gregor Mendel’s Peas
B. Genes and Dominance
C. Segregation
1. The F1 Cross
2. Explaining the F1 Cross

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Section:
Terminology you NEED to
know
• Self Pollination
– Pollen (male cell) fertilizes egg
(female cell) on the same flower.
Resulting seeds inherit all of their
characteristics from one parent.
• Cross Pollination
– Pollen from one flower fertilizes egg
of another flower. Resulting seeds
 Male part of plant

Female part of plant

Terminology you NEED to
know
• P generation
– Parental generation
• F1 generation
– First filial. First “son”. First
generation.
• F2 generation
– Second filial. Second “son”. Second
generation.
 Principles of Dominance

Section 11-1

P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation

True breeding x True breeding

Tall Short Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall Short

Go to
Section:
 Principles of Dominance

Section 11-1

P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation

True breeding x True breeding Hybrid x Hybrid

Tall Short Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall Short
Principle of Dominance

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Section:
 Principles of Dominance

Section 11-1

P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation

True breeding x True breeding Hybrid x Hybrid Short trait reappeared

Tall Short Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall Short
Principle of segregation

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Section:
 Tt x Tt F1

segregation

T t T t gametes

TT Tt Tt tt F2

Tall Tall Tall short

Main Ideas Established by
Mendel
Alleles – Different forms of the same
gene.
(ex. Brown hair and blonde hair)
(ex. Blue eyes and brown eyes)

Principle of Dominance – If a dominant

allele is inherited with a recessive allele
the dominant will be expressed.
 Figure 11-3 Mendel’s Seven F1
Crosses on Pea Plants
Section 11-1

Seed Seed Seed Coat Pod Pod Flower Plant

Shape Color Color Shape Color Position Height

Round Yellow Gray Smooth Green Axial Tall

Wrinkled Green White Constricted Yellow Terminal Short

Round Yellow Gray Smooth Green Axial Tall

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Section:
 Interest Grabber

Section 11-2

Tossing Coins
If you toss a coin, what is the probability
of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin
10 times, how many heads and how many
tails would you expect to get? Working
with a partner, have one person toss a
coin
ten times while the other person tallies the
Go to
Section:results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch
 Interest Grabber continued

Section 11-2

1. Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the
results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s
tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected?

2. Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses.

Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close are
these results to what was expected?

3. If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you
expect?

4. How do the expected results differ from the observed results?

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Section:
 Section Outline

Section 11-2

11–2Probability and
Punnett Squares
A. Genetics and Probability
B. Punnett Squares
C. Probability and Segregation
D. Probabilities Predict Averages

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Section:
Key Terms
Genotype – The genetic makeup. What
genes they have. TT Tt tt
• Homozygous – Having two identical
alleles (TT or tt) aka truebreeding
• Heterozygous – Having two different
alleles (Tt) aka hybrid

Phenotype – Displayed physical

Probability and Punnett
Squares
What is the probability that you flip two
coins and the combination is tails/tails?

Tails Tails H T

½ x ½H HH = HT
¼
T HT TT

Using a Punnett square

 Tt X Tt Cross

Section 11-2

Problem: Cross a hybrid (heterozygous)

tall with a hybrid (heterozygous) tall pea plant
Alleles that have segregated.
Found in gametes (pollen)

Alleles that have segregated.

Found in gametes (egg)

Go to
Section:
 Tt X Tt Cross

Section 11-2

Expected Genotype
¼ TT (homozygous dominant)
½ Tt (Heterozygous)
¼ tt (homozygous recessive)

Expected Phenotype
¾ Tall
¼ Short

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Section:
 Interest Grabber

Section 11-3

Height in Humans
Height in pea plants is controlled by one
of two alleles; the allele for a tall plant is
the dominant allele, while the allele for a
short plant is the recessive one. What
about people? Are the factors that
determine height more complicated in
humans?
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Section:
 Interest Grabber continued

Section 11-3

1. Make a list of 10 adults whom you

know. Next to the name of each adult,
write his or her approximate height in
feet and inches.

2. What can you observe about the

heights of the ten people?
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Section:
 Section Outline

Section 11-3

11–3Exploring
Mendelian Genetics
A. Independent Assortment
1. The Two-Factor Cross: F1
2. The Two-Factor Cross: F2
B. A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
C. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles
1. Incomplete Dominance
2. Codominance
3. Multiple Alleles
4. Polygenic Traits
D. Applying Mendel’s Principles

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Section:
 Concept Map

Section 11-3

Gregor
Mendel

experimented concluded
with that

Pea “Factors” Some alleles Alleles are

plants determine are dominant, separated during
traits and some alleles gamete formation
are recessive

which is which is
called the called the

Law of Law of
Dominance Segregation

Go to
Section:
11-3 Independent
Assortment
After showing that alleles segregate
during the formation of gametes, Mendel
wondered it they did so independently of
each other?
• What does this mean?

Does the segregation of one pair of

alleles affect the segregation of another
 G = green eyes
g = blue eyes

Y = Yellow teeth
y = white teeth

Are green eyes and yellow teeth

always inherited together?
NO
Independent Assortment
What did Mendel do?
Crossed:

True breeding round and yellow seeds

RRYY

with:
What did the F1 generation
look like?
All were Round and Yellow
Their genotype was RrYy (heterozygous
for round and yellow)
He then performed an F1
cross
Male x Female
RrYy x RrYy

What were the possible gametes?

Pollen
RY Ry rY ry
 Figure 11-10 Independent
Assortment in Peas
Section 11-3

F2 generation results:
9 round yellow
3 round green
3 wrinkled yellow
1 wrinkled green

Did the alleles assort independently? Yes

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Section:
Beyond Dominant and
Recessive Alleles
Incomplete Dominance – One allele is not
completely dominant over another. The
heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in
between the two homozygous
phenotypes. “Blend”

Example: Flower color in four o’clock

plants
 Figure 11-11 Incomplete
Dominance in Four O’Clock Flowers
Section 11-3

Go to
Section:
 Figure 11-11 Incomplete
Dominance in Four O’Clock Flowers
Section 11-3

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Section:
Beyond Dominant and
Recessive Alleles
Co-dominance – Both alleles contribute to
the phenotype of the organism.

Example: Roan coat colors in

animals (mixture between white hairs
and pigmented hairs.
Co-dominance Problem

Exp. Genotype Frequencies

¼ RR
½ RW
¼ WW

Exp. Phenotype Frequencies

¼ Red
½ Roan (codominance)
¼ White
Beyond Dominant and
Recessive
Multiple Alleles Alleles
– Genes having more
than two alleles
Ex. Blood type in humans