STOMACH

Prepared by: Dr. Carlos A. Capulong

STOMACHA muscular organ located on
the left side of the upper abdomen.
The stomach receives food from the
esophagus. The stomach secretes
acid and enzymes that digest food.
STOMACHThere are four major regions
in the stomach: the cardia, fundus,
body, and pylorus.
STOMACH
Ridges of muscle tissue called
rugae line the stomach. The stomach
muscles contract periodically,
churning food to enhance digestion.
STOMACHThe wall of the stomach is
similar to the entire alimentary
canal. (Mucosa, Submucosa,
Muscularis externa, and Serosa) The
stomach mucosa’s epithelial lining
consists only of surface mucus cells,
which secrete a protective coat of
alkaline mucus.
STOMACH
PEPTIC
ULCER
PEPTIC ULCER
PEPTIC ULCER
Stomach ulcers, which are also
known as gastric ulcers, are painful
sores in the stomach lining. Stomach
ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer disease.
Peptic ulcers are any ulcers that affect
both the stomach and small intestines.
PEPTIC ULCER
Stomach ulcers occur when the
thick layer of mucus that protects your
stomach from digestive juices is reduced.
This allows the digestive acids to eat
away at the tissues that line the stomach,
causing an ulcer.
PEPTIC ULCER
CAUSE
• an infection with the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

• long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen
PEPTIC ULCER
CAUSE
• an infection with the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

• long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen
PEPTIC ULCER
SYMPTOMS
The most common symptom is a
burning sensation or pain in the middle
of your abdomen between your chest and
belly button. Typically, the pain will be
more intense when your stomach is
empty, and it can last for a few minutes
to several hours.
PEPTIC ULCER
SYMPTOMS
• Dull pain in the stomach
• Weight loss
• Nausea or Vomiting
• Bloating
• Acid Reflux
• Heartburn
• Shortness of breath and
tiredness
• Dark tarry stools
• Bloody Vomits
PEPTIC ULCER
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis and treatment will depend on
your symptoms and the severity of your ulcer. To
rule out H. pylori infection, a blood, stool, or
breath test may be ordered. With a breath test,
you’ll be instructed to drink a clear liquid and
breathe into a bag, which is then sealed. If H.
pylori is present, the breath sample will contain
higher-than-normal levels of carbon dioxide.
PEPTIC ULCER
DIAGNOSIS
Other tests and procedures used to diagnose
stomach ulcers include:
Barium swallow: You drink a thick white liquid
(barium) that coats your upper gastrointestinal
tract and helps your doctor see your stomach
and small intestine on X-rays.
Endoscopy (EGD): A thin, lighted tube is inserted
through your mouth and into the stomach and
the first part of the small intestine. This test is
used to look for ulcers, bleeding, and any tissue
that looks abnormal.
Endoscopic biopsy: A piece of stomach tissue is
removed so it can be analyzed in a lab.
PEPTIC ULCER
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis and treatment will depend on
your symptoms and the severity of your ulcer. To
rule out H. pylori infection, a blood, stool, or
breath test may be ordered. With a breath test,
you’ll be instructed to drink a clear liquid and
breathe into a bag, which is then sealed. If H.
pylori is present, the breath sample will contain
higher-than-normal levels of carbon dioxide.
PEPTIC ULCER
COMPLICATION
• Bleeding (Hemorrhage)
• Penetration
• Perforation
• Obstruction
• Cancer
PEPTIC ULCER
TREATMENT
• Antibiotics
• Acid-reducing drugs
• Antacids
• Surgery (if necessary)
PEPTIC ULCER
SURGERY
Surgery for ulcers is now rarely
needed because drugs so effectively heal
peptic ulcers and endoscopy so effectively
stops active bleeding. Surgery is used
primarily to deal with complications of a
peptic ulcer, such as:
PEPTIC ULCER
SURGERY
• A perforation
• An obstruction that fails to respond to
drugs
• Two or more major episodes of bleeding
ulcers
• A gastric ulcer suspected to be
cancerous
• Severe and frequent recurrences of
ulcers
PEPTIC ULCER
Prognosis
If Helicobacter pylori infection is
successfully treated, peptic ulcer disease
comes back in only 10% of people.
However, peptic ulcer disease comes back
in 70% of infected people who are treated
only with drugs that suppress the
production of acid
THANK YOU,
If

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