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Cognitive
Skills
Affective
COGNITIVE
Facts
Concepts
Principles
Hypotheses
Theories
Laws
Facts
Fact is an idea or action that can be
verified.
Basic unit of cognitive subject matter
content
Concepts
Concept is a categorization of
events, places, people, ideas.
Principles
the relationship(s) between and
among facts and concepts.
arrived at when similar research
studies yield similar results time after
time
Hypotheses
educated guesses about
relationships (principles)
Theories
refer to a set of facts, concepts and principles that
describe possible underlying unobservable
mechanisms that regulate human learning,
development, and behavior.
explains why these principles are true.
Laws
firmly established, thoroughly tested
principle or theory
SKILLS
Manipulative skills
Thinking Skills
Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Problem solving
Metaphoric thinking
Critical thinking
Creative thinking
Manipulative Skills
for courses / subjects that are
dominantly skill –oriented
Computer
Home Economics and Technology
Physical Education
Music
The learning of these manipulative
skills begin with simple manipulation
and ends up in expert and precise
manipulation.
Thinking Skills
the skills beyond recall and comprehension
They are skills concerned with the
application of what was learned,
(in problem-solving or in real life) evaluation,
critical and creative thinking and
synthesis.
Divergent Thinking
Includes the following and its characteristics
Fluent thinking
generation of lots of ideas
thought flow is rapid
thinking of the of the most possible ideas
Flexible thinking
variety of thoughts in the kinds of ideas generated
different ideas from those usually presented
Original thinking
differs from what’s gone before
thought production is away from the obvious and is
different from the norm
Elaborative thinking
embellishes on previous ideas or plans (Torres, 1994)
Uses prior knowledge to expand and add upon things and
ideas
Convergent Thinking
It is narrowing down from many possible thoughts to
end up on a single best thought or an answer to a
problem.
Problem Solving
Made easier when the problem is well-defined.
Example:
The learner’s mind is a “blank
slate”.
Critical Thinking
Involves evaluating information or arguments in
terms of their accuracy and worth. (Beyer, 1985)
It takes a variety of forms
Verbal reasoning
Argumentative analysis
Hypothesis testing
Decision making
Creative Thinking
Involves producing something that is both original and
worthwhile
For Creative thinking we must develop:
Awareness
Curiosity
Imagination
Fluency
Flexibility
Originality
Elaboration
Perseverance
Values and Attitudes