Television Transmission

• Picture Signal Transmission

• Positive and Negative Modulation
• Vestigial Sideband Transmission
• Sound Signal Transmission
• Standard Channel Bandwidth
 PICTURE SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
• The picture signal is amplitude modulated and
sound signal frequency modulated before
transmission.

• Frequency modulation helps to ensure noise

free reproduction.
Positive and Negative Modulation
Positive Modulation
• When the intensity of picture brightness causes
increase in amplitude of the modulated envelope,
it is called ‘positive’ modulation.
Negative Modulation

• When the polarity of modulating video signal is

so chosen that sync tips lie at the 100 per cent
level of carrier amplitude and increasing
brightness produces decrease in the modulation
envelope, it is called ‘negative modulation
Amplitude Modulation of Video Signal
Effect of Noise Pulses
 VSB Transmission

• In amplitude modulation the intelligence to be

conveyed is used to vary the amplitude of carrier
wave. If,
ec=Ec cos ωct is the carrier wave and
em=Em cos ωmt the modulating signal,
The eqn. of the modulated wave is equal to
e= Eccosωct +mEc/2cos(ωc- ωm)t-mEc/2 cos (ωc+ωm)t.

• Where m=Em/Ec is the modulation index.

 Sound Signal Transmission

• Contrary to popular belief both FM and AM are capable

of giving the same fidelity if the desired bandwidth is
allotted.
• Highest audio frequency used is 5 KHz and not the full
audio range which extends up to about 15 KHz.
• Most of the sound signal energy is limited to lower
audio frequencies, the sound reproduction is quite
satisfactory.
• Frequency modulation, that is capable of providing
almost noise free and high fidelity output needs a
wider swing in frequency on either side of the carrier.
Pre-emphasis
• The boosting of higher audio modulating
frequencies, in accordance with a pre-
arranged response curve is called as pre-
emphasis.
De-emphasis
• The compensation at the receiver is called de-
emphasis.
Standard Channel Bandwidth
MONOCHROME TELEVISION TRANSMITTER
& RECEIVER

 Television transmitter & receiver.

 Wave propagation
 Tuners
 Noise cancellation
 Receiver antennas
 Sync processing circuits
Television transmitter

 The composite video signal generated by the monochrome

camera tube is processed in the control room before routing
to the transmitter.
 A carrier frequency is assigned for each station.
 The two outputs one from the picture signal transmitter an
the other from the sound signal transmitter are combined in a
suitable network an then fed to a common antenna network
for transmission.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Television studio:
 It is acoustically treated compact anechonic (sound proof)
room.
 Several cameras are used to telecast the scene from different
angles.
Picture signal modulation:
 The transmitter is specially design VHF triodes for VHF
channels and klystrons in transmitters that operates in UHF
channels.
 The modulated output is fed to a filter designed to filter the
lower side band frequencies.
 TV signal propagation
 Radio waves are electromagnetic waves, radiated from
transmitting antennas, travel through space to distant places,
where they are picked up by receiving antennas
 Depending on their wavelength there are three distinctive
methods they are,
 Ground wave or surface wave propagation
 Sky wave propagation
 Space wave propagation
 The attenuation of ground waves is proportional to frequency
and is very high beyond about a few mega-hertz.
 Sky wave propagation which is dependent on reflections from
the ionosphere is not suitable because it is impossible to
deflect the radiated beam back to the earth.
Space wave propagation
Both the direct wave A-B and reflected wave A-C-B contribute to the field
strength at the receiving antenna.

f- frequency
d - distance
ht - transmitter height
hr - receiver height
Eo – field strength at unit distance from the transmitter

The distance (d) between transmitter and receiver can be

calculated by the formula,
 INTERFERENCE
 The signal originates from other television stations, radio
transmitters, industrial radiating devices, TV receivers causes
interference
 when the Interference signal has the frequency that lies within
the channel to the desired signal and the interference depends
only on the relative field strength of the desired signal and the
Interfering signal.

 The types of interference are,

Co-channel interference
Adjacent channel interference
Ghost interference
 CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
 Two stations operating at the same carrier
frequency, if located close by, will interfere with
each other.
 Due to this same carrier frequency a venetian
blind interference occurs.
 This interference cause horizontal black and white
bars, superimposed on the picture.
 This problem occurs in the VHF bands because
most operators are having the carrier frequencies in
the VHF bands.

PREVENTION
 Allot more channels in the UHF band.
 Sharing of channel numbers should be carefully planned within the service area.
 Usage of highly directional antennas.
 ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

 Stations located close by and occupying adjacent

channels present a different interference called as
adjacent channel interference.
 Occurs due to the frequency or between a carrier and
any side band.

PREVENTION
 Sharply tuned band Eliminator filters.
 Guard band.
 150km space between adjacent channel.
 GHOST INTERFERENCE
 Ghost interference arises as a result of discrete reflections of the
signal from the surface of buildings, bridges, hills, towers etc.

 The reflected signal that arrives late appears displaced to the

right and such displaced pictures are known as trailing ghost
pictures.
 When the direct signal is weaker the reflected signal is used for
synchronization and there will be a left displacement of the
image called as leading ghost image.
 TELEVISION TRANSMISSION ANTENNAS

 Horizontal polarization is standard for TV broadcasting.

Horizontal polarization indicates the plane of electrical field
associated with its perpendicular magnetic field.
 This polarization is preferred because signal-to-noise ratio is
favorable when antennas are place quite high above the surface
of the earth.
 The types of antennas are,
Turnstile array
Dipole panel antenna system
Combining network
 TURNSTILE ARRAY ANTENNA
 To obtain an omnidirectional radiation pattern in the horizontal
plane, for equal television signal radiation in all directions, an
arrangement known as turnstile array is used.

 Two crossed dipoles are used in a turnstile arrangement.

 STACKED TURNSTILE ARRAY

 Several turnstiles stacked one above the other for vertical directivity.
 DIPOLE PANEL ANTENNA SYSTEM
• An array of full wave dipoles mounted in front of
reflectors.
 COMBINING NETWORK
 The AM picture signal and FM sound signal from the
corresponding transmitters are fed to the same
antenna through a balancing unit called diplex.
 MONOCHROME TELEVISION RECEIVER
 A black and white receiver has six main
sections they are,
Tuners
IF Amplifier
Video processing circuits
Audio processing circuits
Deflection coils
Power supply
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 RF TUNER
 The purpose of the tuner unit is to amplify both sound
and picture signal and convert the carrier frequency
into intermediate frequency and their sidebands.
 the standard intermediate frequency for a 625 line
system is
Picture IF = 38.9 MHZ
Sound IF = 33.4 MHZ
 The tuning for different channels is carried out with a
channel selector switch which changes resonant
frequencies of associated tuned circuits by varying
either inductance or capacitance of these circuits.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 IF CALCULATION
Channel selection (channel 4) = 61-68 MHZ
 picture carrier frequency = 62.25 MHZ
 Sound carrier frequency = 67.75 MHZ
Local oscillator frequency set = 101.15 MHZ
 Picture IF = 101.15 – 62.25 = 38.9 MHZ
Sound IF = 101.15 – 67.75 = 33.4 MHZ
 where the 38.9 and 33.4 are the standard
normal IF (intermediate frequency) for 625
line Tv system.