An Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Piney Point Aquifer, Virginia

Groundwater quality
assessment of the Piney

Point aquifer in the
Virginia Coastal Plain
Liz Keily
Thesis Defense
Outline
 Groundwater and Anions

 Virginia Coastal Plain
 Piney Point Aquifer
 Objective
 Methods
 Sampling and Laboratory Analysis
 Results and Discussion
 Sediments
 Groundwater
 Leaching experiments
Groundwater
 Underground water in the pores between sediments

and crevices in rocks
 Earth juice, like an orange, juice is groundwater and
pulp is sediments
 Recharged by infiltration of precipitation
Groundwater
 Groundwater flows relatively short

distances before it reaches the water
table in unconfined aquifers
 Small amounts flow further downward
and recharge confined aquifers
 Water-sediments are in contact for
prolonged periods of time
 Groundwater quality reflects the
composition of the sediments of the
aquifer
 Leaching
Groundwater
 Natural or geogenic pollution

 Leaching from sediments
 Arsenic in Bangladesh
 Overpumping (and water table drawdown)
 A drawdown of the water table which can alter the redox state of the sediments
 Arsenic in California (Stanford University)
 Leaching effects water quality by releasing compounds from the sediments to
water within an aquifer
 Groundwater quality can be analyzed in terms of the compounds present
Anions
 Negatively charged ions, primarily nonmetals

 Occur naturally in the Earth’s crust
 Readily dissolved into water
 More bioavailable to organisms relying on groundwater
 Fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate
 Bioaccumulation, negative impacts to body systems, cancer
Anions – in groundwater
 Sediments are a source of geogenic pollution to aquifer water

 Sediments can retain a million times more ions than an equivalent volume of
water
 Prolonged water-sediment interactions in groundwater promote active surface
mineral processing
 Referred to as cation-exchange capacity (CEC)
 measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces
 Ions adhering to sediments (sorption)
 Ions releasing from sediments (desorption)
 Organic matter, oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese, and clay minerals have
highest CEC
 pH and redox state effect CEC
 In general, cationic (+) elements will bond with aquifer sediments and anionic
(-) elements will move to aquifer water
 General example, in low pH environments:
 Negative surface charges are reduced, moves more anions to aquifer water from
sediments
 Cations and anions will compete for bonds = more anions in the water
 Temperate, humid climate, heavily vegetated

 Unconsolidated and semi-consolidated sediments that increase in thickness
eastward toward the Atlantic Ocean
Piney Point Aquifer
 Confined, deep aquifer throughout most
of its reach
 200-300 ft below land surface where used
most heavily
 As deep as approx. 600ft below land
surface on Northern Neck
 Anthropogenic pollution not likely
 Outcrops at steep slopes along major river
valleys in western Coastal Plain
 Pamunkey River
 Potomac River
Piney Point Aquifer
 Present throughout the Virginia Coastal
Plain
 Not utilized for groundwater south of the
James River, over the Chesapeake Meteor
Impact, or on the Eastern Shore due to
brackish water
 Water source for mostly rural and suburban
areas of the middle reaches of the
Northern Neck, Middle, and York-James
Peninsulas
 Greatest usage is in James City County –
heavily used residential and municipal
wells
 Five percent of groundwater supply in
 Approx. 5 million gallons per day in 2009
Piney Point Aquifer
 Early Eocene to early Miocene
 Several formations
 Groundwater is primarily from the Piney
Point Formation
 Productive limestone
 Deposited relatively uniformly on the

marine Continental Shelf
 Generally, sediments are medium to
course grained glauconitic, fossiliferous
sands
 USGS median pH: 8.0 (n=179)
Objective
 Assess Piney Point aquifer sediments leaching potential

 How the aquifer may be affected in the future by overpumping
 Redox and pH changes
 Why Piney Point aquifer?

 Groundwater is drawn from a productive limestone formation
 The rest of the aquifer is not utilized for drinking water
 If overpumping occurs, water may be drawn from unwanted areas of the aquifer, which
could effect drinking water quality
Objective
 In Piney Point aquifer specifically

 increased groundwater withdrawal rates
have redirected groundwater flow
landward and is approximately double
what it was pre-pumping
 water table decline are currently
estimated to be between 1-2 feet per
year
McFarland 2017
Objective
 Piney Point aquifer quality will be analyzed by

 Anion concentrations
 to simulate redox changes due to water table drawn down from overpumping and the
resulting possible pH changes from aquifer sediments exposed to oxic conditions
 Groundwater samples
 Current water quality situation in the Piney Point aquifer
 Sediment samples
 Baseline for leaching experiments
 Chemistry of sediments
Objective
 Half the world’s population is dependent on groundwater for their primary

drinking water source
 it is important to understand the factors that control the transfer of compounds
from aquifer sediments to aquifer water and how global aquifers will be effected
by pH or redox changes
 Assessing future impacts from climate change on groundwater quality
 Surface water sources are depleted or salinized (via saltwater intrusion)
 populations become more dependent on groundwater
 An understanding of regional groundwater supplies and how they may change due
to increased water exploitation
Methods - Sediments
Depth below land
Methods - Sediments Sample Code

5
surface (ft)
255.9
Formation
Old Church
8 258.9 Old Church
10 260.9 Old Church
13 263.0 Piney Point
 Sampling 16 266.1 Piney Point
 USGS Banbury Cross borehole
 25 sediment samples at regular intervals 20 270.1 Piney Point
 From 255-300 ft below land surface 22 272.1 Piney Point
38 287.0 Nanjemoy
39 288.0 Nanjemoy
40 294.1 Nanjemoy
42 299.1 Nanjemoy
Old Church Formation
 Deposited in the late Oligocene

 Marine sediments that are silty, variably shelly and pebbly with fine-to-
medium grained quartz, glauconite, and phosphate sand
Piney Point Formation
 Deposited in the middle Eocene

 Marine sediments, which are variably shelly, pebbly, and calcite-cemented
with medium- to coarse-grained quartz and glauconite sand
 Most groundwater is withdrawn from this formation, a productive ‘limestone’
and interbedded sands
Nanjemoy Formation Woodstock Member
 Deposited in the early Eocene

 Marine sediments that are variably shelly and pebbly, medium- to coarse-
grained quartz, and glauconite sand
 Deepest formation within the Piney Point aquifer
Methods – Sediments
 Lab Analysis
 4g of each sediment sample was crushed with mortar and pestle
 Bulk chemistry analyzed with a PanAnalytical Epsilon 3 XL x-ray fluorescence (XRF)
at VCU Nanomaterials Core Characterization Facility
 TIC, TOC, and TN analyzed with Perkin-Elmer CHN analyzer at VCU Environmental
Analysis Lab
 Sediments treated with HCl wash to dissolve TIC: TOC, TNHCL
Methods - Groundwater
 Sampling
 26 public wells
 Newport News Waterworks, Virginia
Department Environmental Quality, James
City County Service Authority
 Flushed for 15 min prior to sampling, filtered
in the field (size?)
 One 40mL amber vial
 Stored at 4ºC until analyzed
 pH, Eh, temperature recorded with Hanna
pH/ORP & Temperature Meter (HI 98121)
Methods – Laboratory Analysis
 Groundwater
 Anion concentrations with Thermo Integrion
ion chromatograph (IC) at VCU Research
Instrumentation Facility
 Fluoride
 Chloride
 Nitrate
 Sulfate
Depth below land
Sample Code surface (ft) Formation
Methods – Leaching Experiments 5
8
255.9
258.9
Old Church
Old Church
10 260.9 Old Church
 Leaching experiments modified from Balintova et al. 2013 15 265.1 Piney Point
 Fully dried bulk sediments
 Nine sediment samples: two Old Church, five Piney Point, two 19 269.1 Piney Point
Nanjemoy 20 270.1 Piney Point
 Approx. 1g from each for each leachate treatment 22 272.1 Piney Point
 Four leachate treatments:
 DI water – Milli-Q 25 275.1 Piney Point
 Acidic – 68% ultrapure nitric acid to DI water
 Basic – 50% sodium hydroxide to DI water 29 279.1 Piney Point
 Aquifer – collected from Retreat wellsite at same time as
groundwater sampling
38 287.0 Nanjemoy
39 288.0 Nanjemoy
40 294.1 Nanjemoy
42 299.1 Nanjemoy
Methods – Leaching Experiments
Grams of sediment used in treament
solutions
Core Sample Depth below land Acidic Basic Aquifer DI water
Location Code surface (ft) Formation pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24
5 255.9 1.0064 0.9980 1.0233 1.0000
Old Church
8 258.9 1.0185 1.0043 1.0078 1.0038
13 263 1.0029 0.9971 1.0207 1.0009
Banbury Cross
19 269.1 1.0063 1.0100 1.0229 1.0127

22 272.1 Piney Point 1.0046 0.9971 1.0075 1.0055
26 276.1 1.0055 1.0133 1.0260 1.0188
31 281.1 0.9978 1.0174 0.9980 1.0139
38 287 1.0199 1.0214 1.0023 1.0077
Nanjemoy
40 294.1 1.0664 1.0222 1.0158 1.0100
Methods – Leaching Experiments
 40mL of treatment solution to 1g of sediment for a 1:40 sediment-water slurry
 Mixed thoroughly and allowed to sit for 96 hours to fully saturate sediments
 Leachate was collected with vacuum filtration using glass microfiber filters
(Whatman GF/A pore size 1.6μm) and placed in 40mL plastic vials and stored at
4°C
 Anions were analyzed with ion chromograph at VCU Research Instrumentation
Facility
Results - Sediments
Depth below XRF Data
Sample land surface Geologic TIC TOC TN TNHCl Cl
Code (ft) Formation (%) (%) (%) (%) Si (%) Ca (%) S (%) Fe (%) Al (%) Mg (%) P (%) K (%) (ppm)
5 255.9 Old Church 0.48 1.30 0.09 0.20 33.73 4.53 3.80 1.24 3.15 0.10 1.32 0.55 828.8
8 258.9 Old Church 0.05 1.23 0.24 0.20 34.26 2.87 4.28 2.25 2.58 0.12 1.10 0.70 932.6
10 260.9 Old Church 1.22 0.23 0.20 0.07 29.51 6.62 4.77 2.63 2.73 0.12 2.21 0.86 814.6
13 263.0 Piney Point 9.39 0.23 0.16 0.06 11.63 34.87 4.91 3.45 2.01 0.25 1.75 0.43 780.9
14 264.1 Piney Point 9.12 0.65 0.10 0.05 8.91 39.32 5.99 4.67 1.63 0.27 0.30 1020.0
15 265.1 Piney Point 10.24 0.22 0.16 0.08 11.38 32.30 8.29 4.90 0.94 0.20 0.22 1080.0
16 266.1 Piney Point 4.23 0.34 0.03 0.20 5.89 49.47 4.87 2.39 0.79 0.30 0.16 1060.0
17 267.1 Piney Point 10.13 0.32 0.11 0.05 6.31 49.65 4.60 1.96 0.84 0.31 0.17 1160.0
19 269.1 Piney Point 10.18 0.11 0.27 0.13 6.88 47.06 5.18 2.51 0.94 0.28 0.21 912.3
20 270.1 Piney Point 9.71 0.13 0.09 0.05 8.84 39.31 7.51 3.06 0.99 0.25 0.28 904.1
21 271.1 Piney Point 5.81 0.11 0.09 0.07 7.47 19.43 17.52 6.73 1.27 0.14 0.38 364.4
22 272.1 Piney Point 7.00 0.09 0.10 0.06 14.20 33.30 2.04 8.90 1.80 0.26 0.58 1340.0
23 273.1 Piney Point 7.45 0.31 0.21 0.06 17.86 22.56 1.69 13.59 2.35 0.28 0.82 935.9
24 274.1 Piney Point 6.73 0.08 0.13 0.12 20.19 23.73 0.75 11.37 1.81 0.26 0.82 1100.0
25 275.1 Piney Point 4.16 0.18 0.15 0.12 29.76 9.89 2.67 5.83 2.79 0.20 1.23 1030.0
26 276.1 Piney Point 5.05 0.18 0.12 0.16 22.01 22.09 1.43 7.90 2.66 0.24 0.99 865.3
28 278.1 Piney Point 3.62 0.45 0.11 0.09 27.71 10.86 3.36 5.84 2.50 0.21 0.76 1.31 884.8
29 279.1 Piney Point 3.90 0.24 0.19 0.19 25.78 14.55 3.25 5.83 2.78 0.24 1.60 1200.0
31 281.1 Piney Point 2.10 0.15 0.11 0.05 30.01 6.11 3.31 6.84 3.21 0.27 1.92 998.6
32 281.8 Piney Point 4.48 0.27 0.07 0.08 26.22 16.02 1.91 6.18 2.65 0.26 1.61 1080.0
34 283.8 Piney Point 0.13 0.28 0.08 0.14 27.86 0.57 1.01 17.14 4.74 0.36 0.44 1.17 993.6
38 287.0 Nanjemoy 0.54 0.33 0.30 0.13 30.00 1.55 2.33 11.16 4.30 0.35 0.36 1.57 1080.0
39 288.0 Nanjemoy 0.16 0.42 0.10 0.14 26.53 0.96 3.53 13.84 5.12 0.40 0.36 1.29 792.8
40 294.1 Nanjemoy 0.31 0.50 0.10 0.25 26.37 1.18 2.94 13.62 6.08 0.38 0.33 1.37 728.8
42 299.1 Nanjemoy 0.28 0.23 0.08 0.16 29.04 0.80 1.33 14.21 4.59 0.32 0.43 1.96 906.7
Results - Sediments
5 255.9 Old Church 0.48 1.30 0.09 0.20 33.73 4.53 3.80 1.24 3.15 0.10 1.32 0.55 828.8
8 258.9 Old Church 0.05 1.23 0.24 0.20 34.26 2.87 4.28 2.25 2.58 0.12 1.10 0.70 932.6
10 260.9 Old Church 1.22 0.23 0.20 0.07 29.51 6.62 4.77 2.63 2.73 0.12 2.21 0.86 814.6
13 263.0 Piney Point 9.39 0.23 0.16 0.06 11.63 34.87 4.91 3.45 2.01 0.25 1.75 0.43 780.9
14 264.1 Piney Point 9.12 0.65 0.10 0.05 8.91 39.32 5.99 4.67 1.63 0.27 0.30 1020.0
15 265.1 Piney Point 10.24 0.22 0.16 0.08 11.38 32.30 8.29 4.90 0.94 0.20 0.22 1080.0
16 266.1 Piney Point 4.23 0.34 0.03 0.20 5.89 49.47 4.87 2.39 0.79 0.30 0.16 1060.0
17 267.1 Piney Point 10.13 0.32 0.11 0.05 6.31 49.65 4.60 1.96 0.84 0.31 0.17 1160.0
19 269.1 Piney Point 10.18 0.11 0.27 0.13 6.88 47.06 5.18 2.51 0.94 0.28 0.21 912.3
20 270.1 Piney Point 9.71 0.13 0.09 0.05 8.84 39.31 7.51 3.06 0.99 0.25 0.28 904.1
21 271.1 Piney Point 5.81 0.11 0.09 0.07 7.47 19.43 17.52 6.73 1.27 0.14 0.38 364.4
22 272.1 Piney Point 7.00 0.09 0.10 0.06 14.20 33.30 2.04 8.90 1.80 0.26 0.58 1340.0
23 273.1 Piney Point 7.45 0.31 0.21 0.06 17.86 22.56 1.69 13.59 2.35 0.28 0.82 935.9
24 274.1 Piney Point 6.73 0.08 0.13 0.12 20.19 23.73 0.75 11.37 1.81 0.26 0.82 1100.0
25 275.1 Piney Point 4.16 0.18 0.15 0.12 29.76 9.89 2.67 5.83 2.79 0.20 1.23 1030.0
26 276.1 Piney Point 5.05 0.18 0.12 0.16 22.01 22.09 1.43 7.90 2.66 0.24 0.99 865.3
28 278.1 Piney Point 3.62 0.45 0.11 0.09 27.71 10.86 3.36 5.84 2.50 0.21 0.76 1.31 884.8
29 279.1 Piney Point 3.90 0.24 0.19 0.19 25.78 14.55 3.25 5.83 2.78 0.24 1.60 1200.0
31 281.1 Piney Point 2.10 0.15 0.11 0.05 30.01 6.11 3.31 6.84 3.21 0.27 1.92 998.6
32 281.8 Piney Point 4.48 0.27 0.07 0.08 26.22 16.02 1.91 6.18 2.65 0.26 1.61 1080.0
34 283.8 Piney Point 0.13 0.28 0.08 0.14 27.86 0.57 1.01 17.14 4.74 0.36 0.44 1.17 993.6
38 287.0 Nanjemoy 0.54 0.33 0.30 0.13 30.00 1.55 2.33 11.16 4.30 0.35 0.36 1.57 1080.0
39 288.0 Nanjemoy 0.16 0.42 0.10 0.14 26.53 0.96 3.53 13.84 5.12 0.40 0.36 1.29 792.8
40 294.1 Nanjemoy 0.31 0.50 0.10 0.25 26.37 1.18 2.94 13.62 6.08 0.38 0.33 1.37 728.8
42 299.1 Nanjemoy 0.28 0.23 0.08 0.16 29.04 0.80 1.33 14.21 4.59 0.32 0.43 1.96 906.7
Results - Sediments
5 255.9 Old Church 0.48 1.30 0.09 0.20 33.73 4.53 3.80 1.24 3.15 0.10 1.32 0.55 828.8
8 258.9 Old Church 0.05 1.23 0.24 0.20 34.26 2.87 4.28 2.25 2.58 0.12 1.10 0.70 932.6
10 260.9 Old Church 1.22 0.23 0.20 0.07 29.51 6.62 4.77 2.63 2.73 0.12 2.21 0.86 814.6
13 263.0 Piney Point 9.39 0.23 0.16 0.06 11.63 34.87 4.91 3.45 2.01 0.25 1.75 0.43 780.9
14 264.1 Piney Point 9.12 0.65 0.10 0.05 8.91 39.32 5.99 4.67 1.63 0.27 0.30 1020.0
15 265.1 Piney Point 10.24 0.22 0.16 0.08 11.38 32.30 8.29 4.90 0.94 0.20 0.22 1080.0
16 266.1 Piney Point 4.23 0.34 0.03 0.20 5.89 49.47 4.87 2.39 0.79 0.30 0.16 1060.0
17 267.1 Piney Point 10.13 0.32 0.11 0.05 6.31 49.65 4.60 1.96 0.84 0.31 0.17 1160.0
19 269.1 Piney Point 10.18 0.11 0.27 0.13 6.88 47.06 5.18 2.51 0.94 0.28 0.21 912.3
20 270.1 Piney Point 9.71 0.13 0.09 0.05 8.84 39.31 7.51 3.06 0.99 0.25 0.28 904.1
21 271.1 Piney Point 5.81 0.11 0.09 0.07 7.47 19.43 17.52 6.73 1.27 0.14 0.38 364.4
22 272.1 Piney Point 7.00 0.09 0.10 0.06 14.20 33.30 2.04 8.90 1.80 0.26 0.58 1340.0
23 273.1 Piney Point 7.45 0.31 0.21 0.06 17.86 22.56 1.69 13.59 2.35 0.28 0.82 935.9
24 274.1 Piney Point 6.73 0.08 0.13 0.12 20.19 23.73 0.75 11.37 1.81 0.26 0.82 1100.0
25 275.1 Piney Point 4.16 0.18 0.15 0.12 29.76 9.89 2.67 5.83 2.79 0.20 1.23 1030.0
26 276.1 Piney Point 5.05 0.18 0.12 0.16 22.01 22.09 1.43 7.90 2.66 0.24 0.99 865.3
28 278.1 Piney Point 3.62 0.45 0.11 0.09 27.71 10.86 3.36 5.84 2.50 0.21 0.76 1.31 884.8
29 279.1 Piney Point 3.90 0.24 0.19 0.19 25.78 14.55 3.25 5.83 2.78 0.24 1.60 1200.0
31 281.1 Piney Point 2.10 0.15 0.11 0.05 30.01 6.11 3.31 6.84 3.21 0.27 1.92 998.6
32 281.8 Piney Point 4.48 0.27 0.07 0.08 26.22 16.02 1.91 6.18 2.65 0.26 1.61 1080.0
34 283.8 Piney Point 0.13 0.28 0.08 0.14 27.86 0.57 1.01 17.14 4.74 0.36 0.44 1.17 993.6
38 287.0 Nanjemoy 0.54 0.33 0.30 0.13 30.00 1.55 2.33 11.16 4.30 0.35 0.36 1.57 1080.0
39 288.0 Nanjemoy 0.16 0.42 0.10 0.14 26.53 0.96 3.53 13.84 5.12 0.40 0.36 1.29 792.8
40 294.1 Nanjemoy 0.31 0.50 0.10 0.25 26.37 1.18 2.94 13.62 6.08 0.38 0.33 1.37 728.8
42 299.1 Nanjemoy 0.28 0.23 0.08 0.16 29.04 0.80 1.33 14.21 4.59 0.32 0.43 1.96 906.7
Results - Sediments
5 255.9 Old Church 0.48 1.30 0.09 0.20 33.73 4.53 3.80 1.24 3.15 0.10 1.32 0.55 828.8
8 258.9 Old Church 0.05 1.23 0.24 0.20 34.26 2.87 4.28 2.25 2.58 0.12 1.10 0.70 932.6
10 260.9 Old Church 1.22 0.23 0.20 0.07 29.51 6.62 4.77 2.63 2.73 0.12 2.21 0.86 814.6
13 263.0 Piney Point 9.39 0.23 0.16 0.06 11.63 34.87 4.91 3.45 2.01 0.25 1.75 0.43 780.9
14 264.1 Piney Point 9.12 0.65 0.10 0.05 8.91 39.32 5.99 4.67 1.63 0.27 0.30 1020.0
15 265.1 Piney Point 10.24 0.22 0.16 0.08 11.38 32.30 8.29 4.90 0.94 0.20 0.22 1080.0
16 266.1 Piney Point 4.23 0.34 0.03 0.20 5.89 49.47 4.87 2.39 0.79 0.30 0.16 1060.0
17 267.1 Piney Point 10.13 0.32 0.11 0.05 6.31 49.65 4.60 1.96 0.84 0.31 0.17 1160.0
19 269.1 Piney Point 10.18 0.11 0.27 0.13 6.88 47.06 5.18 2.51 0.94 0.28 0.21 912.3
20 270.1 Piney Point 9.71 0.13 0.09 0.05 8.84 39.31 7.51 3.06 0.99 0.25 0.28 904.1
21 271.1 Piney Point 5.81 0.11 0.09 0.07 7.47 19.43 17.52 6.73 1.27 0.14 0.38 364.4
22 272.1 Piney Point 7.00 0.09 0.10 0.06 14.20 33.30 2.04 8.90 1.80 0.26 0.58 1340.0
23 273.1 Piney Point 7.45 0.31 0.21 0.06 17.86 22.56 1.69 13.59 2.35 0.28 0.82 935.9
24 274.1 Piney Point 6.73 0.08 0.13 0.12 20.19 23.73 0.75 11.37 1.81 0.26 0.82 1100.0
25 275.1 Piney Point 4.16 0.18 0.15 0.12 29.76 9.89 2.67 5.83 2.79 0.20 1.23 1030.0
26 276.1 Piney Point 5.05 0.18 0.12 0.16 22.01 22.09 1.43 7.90 2.66 0.24 0.99 865.3
28 278.1 Piney Point 3.62 0.45 0.11 0.09 27.71 10.86 3.36 5.84 2.50 0.21 0.76 1.31 884.8
29 279.1 Piney Point 3.90 0.24 0.19 0.19 25.78 14.55 3.25 5.83 2.78 0.24 1.60 1200.0
31 281.1 Piney Point 2.10 0.15 0.11 0.05 30.01 6.11 3.31 6.84 3.21 0.27 1.92 998.6
32 281.8 Piney Point 4.48 0.27 0.07 0.08 26.22 16.02 1.91 6.18 2.65 0.26 1.61 1080.0
34 283.8 Piney Point 0.13 0.28 0.08 0.14 27.86 0.57 1.01 17.14 4.74 0.36 0.44 1.17 993.6
38 287.0 Nanjemoy 0.54 0.33 0.30 0.13 30.00 1.55 2.33 11.16 4.30 0.35 0.36 1.57 1080.0
39 288.0 Nanjemoy 0.16 0.42 0.10 0.14 26.53 0.96 3.53 13.84 5.12 0.40 0.36 1.29 792.8
40 294.1 Nanjemoy 0.31 0.50 0.10 0.25 26.37 1.18 2.94 13.62 6.08 0.38 0.33 1.37 728.8
42 299.1 Nanjemoy 0.28 0.23 0.08 0.16 29.04 0.80 1.33 14.21 4.59 0.32 0.43 1.96 906.7
Results - Sediments
5 255.9 Old Church 0.48 1.30 0.09 0.20 33.73 4.53 3.80 1.24 3.15 0.10 1.32 0.55 828.8
8 258.9 Old Church 0.05 1.23 0.24 0.20 34.26 2.87 4.28 2.25 2.58 0.12 1.10 0.70 932.6
10 260.9 Old Church 1.22 0.23 0.20 0.07 29.51 6.62 4.77 2.63 2.73 0.12 2.21 0.86 814.6
13 263.0 Piney Point 9.39 0.23 0.16 0.06 11.63 34.87 4.91 3.45 2.01 0.25 1.75 0.43 780.9
14 264.1 Piney Point 9.12 0.65 0.10 0.05 8.91 39.32 5.99 4.67 1.63 0.27 0.30 1020.0
15 265.1 Piney Point 10.24 0.22 0.16 0.08 11.38 32.30 8.29 4.90 0.94 0.20 0.22 1080.0
16 266.1 Piney Point 4.23 0.34 0.03 0.20 5.89 49.47 4.87 2.39 0.79 0.30 0.16 1060.0
17 267.1 Piney Point 10.13 0.32 0.11 0.05 6.31 49.65 4.60 1.96 0.84 0.31 0.17 1160.0
19 269.1 Piney Point 10.18 0.11 0.27 0.13 6.88 47.06 5.18 2.51 0.94 0.28 0.21 912.3
20 270.1 Piney Point 9.71 0.13 0.09 0.05 8.84 39.31 7.51 3.06 0.99 0.25 0.28 904.1
21 271.1 Piney Point 5.81 0.11 0.09 0.07 7.47 19.43 17.52 6.73 1.27 0.14 0.38 364.4
22 272.1 Piney Point 7.00 0.09 0.10 0.06 14.20 33.30 2.04 8.90 1.80 0.26 0.58 1340.0
23 273.1 Piney Point 7.45 0.31 0.21 0.06 17.86 22.56 1.69 13.59 2.35 0.28 0.82 935.9
24 274.1 Piney Point 6.73 0.08 0.13 0.12 20.19 23.73 0.75 11.37 1.81 0.26 0.82 1100.0
25 275.1 Piney Point 4.16 0.18 0.15 0.12 29.76 9.89 2.67 5.83 2.79 0.20 1.23 1030.0
26 276.1 Piney Point 5.05 0.18 0.12 0.16 22.01 22.09 1.43 7.90 2.66 0.24 0.99 865.3
28 278.1 Piney Point 3.62 0.45 0.11 0.09 27.71 10.86 3.36 5.84 2.50 0.21 0.76 1.31 884.8
29 279.1 Piney Point 3.90 0.24 0.19 0.19 25.78 14.55 3.25 5.83 2.78 0.24 1.60 1200.0
31 281.1 Piney Point 2.10 0.15 0.11 0.05 30.01 6.11 3.31 6.84 3.21 0.27 1.92 998.6
32 281.8 Piney Point 4.48 0.27 0.07 0.08 26.22 16.02 1.91 6.18 2.65 0.26 1.61 1080.0
34 283.8 Piney Point 0.13 0.28 0.08 0.14 27.86 0.57 1.01 17.14 4.74 0.36 0.44 1.17 993.6
38 287.0 Nanjemoy 0.54 0.33 0.30 0.13 30.00 1.55 2.33 11.16 4.30 0.35 0.36 1.57 1080.0
39 288.0 Nanjemoy 0.16 0.42 0.10 0.14 26.53 0.96 3.53 13.84 5.12 0.40 0.36 1.29 792.8
40 294.1 Nanjemoy 0.31 0.50 0.10 0.25 26.37 1.18 2.94 13.62 6.08 0.38 0.33 1.37 728.8
42 299.1 Nanjemoy 0.28 0.23 0.08 0.16 29.04 0.80 1.33 14.21 4.59 0.32 0.43 1.96 906.7
Results - Sediments
 Most abundant elements: silicon (5.89-34.26%) and calcium (0.57-49.65%)

 Samples from the upper Piney Point sediments tended to contain greater
percentages of Ca than Si, which is consistent with location of the productive
limestone
 TOC (0.08-1.30%) and TIC (0.05-10.24%)
 Highest TOC in Old Church sediments
 Highest TIC in Piney Point sediments, limestone
 Sulfur (0.75-17.52%)
 Highest in upper sediments, both Old Church and Piney Point
 These results could have significance as higher TOC and higher sulfur
concentrations can lower the pH of water, while higher TIC concentrations
can raise the pH of water
Results - Sediments
Results - Sediments
 TIC and S show distinct

sedimentological
characteristics differences in
upper and lower Piney Point
sediments
 Limestone makes up upper
Piney Point sediments
 Less porous
 Uncemented sands make up
lower Piney Point sediments
 More porous
 Consistent with USGS
Results - Sediments
Results - Sediments
 This data will serve as a

baseline for leaching
experiments since the
aquifer sediments will affect
the aquifer water
 Since sediments were fully
dried before XRF, CHN, and
leaching analysis these
results represent a scenario
is which the sediments are
exposed to oxic conditions
Results - Groundwater
Well depth
below land Anions (ppm)
Well name surface (ft) pH F- Cl- NO3 SO4
Chickahominy Haven 126 7.33 0.8930 2.7947 2.2832 10.3051
 Groundwater samples represent a current Racefield 228 7.62 0.6322 2.8385 2.2782 10.4886
assessment of the aquifer water New Kent Courthouse

Retreat
228
230
7.71
7.51
0.3430
0.5560
2.1768
1.8977
n.a.
n.a.
15.3313
7.1740
Stonehouse - Fieldstone Parkway 241 7.61 0.6179 1.4975 n.a. 7.3276
 All anions concentrations were below the EPA Kings Village 250 7.67 0.5999 2.4469 n.a. 9.1086
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

Stonehouse - Mill Pond Run 256 7.64 0.5969 2.7488 2.2025 10.2626
Upper County Park 262 7.52 0.5743 2.3666 2.2971 10.1147
Lightfoot Well #3 (Banbury Cross) 265 7.96 1.0546 3.0041 2.2517 12.1848
 One well above Secondary MCL for fluoride: Liberty Ridge 266 8.34 0.9611 5.6992 2.2031 9.7988
Surprise Hill
Lightfoot Well #1 271 8.28 1.0431 2.5216 2.1848 9.0085
Glenwood 272 7.76 0.7209 2.5281 n.a. 8.8019
Westport 273 8.4 1.2594 7.9500 2.3277 10.5308
Ware Creek 275 7.91 0.9115 2.1216 2.2501 8.2893
1B - Owens-Illinois 275 7.59 0.6094 2.5537 n.a. 9.3274
Owens-Illinois 277 7.61 0.6341 2.3903 2.1961 9.2641
Lightfoot Well #5 280 7.27 0.8384 2.4463 n.a. 9.1362
Kristiansand 282 7.92 1.6816 63.2899 2.2011 30.9164
Ford's Colony 290 8.24 0.9279 4.4457 n.a. 8.4683
Olde Towne Road 295 8.26 0.9303 2.9637 2.1899 9.2482
Pottery 296 7.86 0.8891 9.5414 2.2955 13.7851
Norge 297 7.55 0.7383 8.2363 2.2853 11.3128
Canterbury Hills 298 8.28 1.3324 40.0518 2.2654 11.8596
Ewell Hall 305 8.34 0.9903 2.6121 2.2192 9.0825
Wexford 306 7.81 0.8020 2.2341 2.5835 6.9372
Surprise Hill Well F 551 8.49 3.2356 3.2886 2.3346 12.1055
EPA Maximum Contaminant Level - - 4 - 10 -
EPA SMCL - 6.5-8.5 2 250 - 250
Well depth
 Groundwater samples represent a current Racefield 228 7.62 0.6322 2.8385 2.2782 10.4886
assessment of the aquifer water New Kent Courthouse

Retreat
228
230
7.71
7.51
0.3430
0.5560
2.1768
1.8977
n.a.
n.a.
15.3313
7.1740
 All anions concentrations were below the EPA Kings Village 250 7.67 0.5999 2.4469 n.a. 9.1086
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

 One well above Secondary MCL for fluoride: Liberty Ridge 266 8.34 0.9611 5.6992 2.2031 9.7988
Surprise Hill
Lightfoot Well #1 271 8.28 1.0431 2.5216 2.1848 9.0085
Glenwood 272 7.76 0.7209 2.5281 n.a. 8.8019
Westport 273 8.4 1.2594 7.9500 2.3277 10.5308
Ware Creek 275 7.91 0.9115 2.1216 2.2501 8.2893
Owens-Illinois 277 7.61 0.6341 2.3903 2.1961 9.2641
Kristiansand 282 7.92 1.6816 63.2899 2.2011 30.9164
Ford's Colony 290 8.24 0.9279 4.4457 n.a. 8.4683
Olde Towne Road 295 8.26 0.9303 2.9637 2.1899 9.2482
Pottery 296 7.86 0.8891 9.5414 2.2955 13.7851
Norge 297 7.55 0.7383 8.2363 2.2853 11.3128
Ewell Hall 305 8.34 0.9903 2.6121 2.2192 9.0825
Wexford 306 7.81 0.8020 2.2341 2.5835 6.9372
EPA SMCL - 6.5-8.5 2 250 - 250
Well depth
Racefield 228 7.62 0.6322 2.8385 2.2782 10.4886
New Kent Courthouse 228 7.71 0.3430 2.1768 n.a. 15.3313
Retreat 230 7.51 0.5560 1.8977 n.a. 7.1740
Kings Village 250 7.67 0.5999 2.4469 n.a. 9.1086
Liberty Ridge 266 8.34 0.9611 5.6992 2.2031 9.7988
Lightfoot Well #1 271 8.28 1.0431 2.5216 2.1848 9.0085
Glenwood 272 7.76 0.7209 2.5281 n.a. 8.8019
Westport 273 8.4 1.2594 7.9500 2.3277 10.5308
Ware Creek 275 7.91 0.9115 2.1216 2.2501 8.2893
Owens-Illinois 277 7.61 0.6341 2.3903 2.1961 9.2641
Kristiansand 282 7.92 1.6816 63.2899 2.2011 30.9164
Ford's Colony 290 8.24 0.9279 4.4457 n.a. 8.4683
Olde Towne Road 295 8.26 0.9303 2.9637 2.1899 9.2482
Pottery 296 7.86 0.8891 9.5414 2.2955 13.7851
Norge 297 7.55 0.7383 8.2363 2.2853 11.3128
Ewell Hall 305 8.34 0.9903 2.6121 2.2192 9.0825
Wexford 306 7.81 0.8020 2.2341 2.5835 6.9372
EPA SMCL - 6.5-8.5 2 250 - 250
 Surprise Hill
 VA DEQ monitoring well
 Piney Point aquifer is not typically utilized as a
water source on Northern Neck
 Too deep
 No current concern with water quality
 If utilized in the future this could be an issue

 Piney Point aquifer water quality is in fairly good shape right now based on
anion concentrations
 Future possible changes to anion concentrations in the groundwater of the
Piney Point aquifer from overpumping and its associated geochemical changes
are discussed below
Results – Anions in Leaching Experiments
 Fluoride
 in groundwater it is associated with compounds in aquifer sediments that are
naturally high in fluoride
 Fluorite, apatite, biotite, micas, clays, phosphorite
 desorption from phosphatic sedimentary materials
 associated with sediments of marine origin (like Piney Point)
 In VA, broad belt of high concentrations underlying Suffolk
 Not in study area, but was deposited under similar conditions
 High concentrations can cause fluorosis, hinder bone development

 Fluoride
 Concentrations did not appear to be affected by different leachate
treatments or sediment TIC and S
 In acidic leachate:
 Old Church sediments had higher concentrations
 Higher TOC concentrations in Old Church sediments
 Phosphorous present in Old Church sediments
 Fluoride
 Low pH likely caused
dissolution of
phosphate: released
F- in acidic leachate
 Sed. P and F-
correlations could
not be completed
 Low pH reacted with

TOC
 F- in acidic
leachate and TOC
correlation:
r2=0.7847
 Fluoride
 At low pH, higher
concentrations due to
phosphorus and TOC in
sediments
 Future:
 If pH is lower within
aquifer more F- may
be released to
aquifer water if P
and TOC are present
in sediments
 Fluoride
 At low pH, higher
concentrations due to
phosphorus and TOC in
sediments
 Future:
 If overpumping
occurs and
groundwater is
drawn from other
parts of the aquifer,
more F- may be
released
 Chloride
 in groundwater it is associated with compounds in solid phases of aquifer and
saltwater intrusion in coastal areas
 Climate change is causing the saltwater transition zone to move further inland
 USGS has not found this to be happening in Piney Point aquifer
 In Piney Point, chloride is likely from solid-aqueous interactions

 Old Church, Piney Point, Nanjemoy formations are marine sediments
 Sediments could be preserving ions from ancient sea
 High concentrations can increase corrosivity of water: chloride will react with
metal ions and form soluble salts and making metals more bioavailable in drinking
water
 Chloride
 Concentrations do not appear to be
affected by different formations or
sediment compounds
 Leachate treatments appear to be
affecting Cl- concentrations
 Acidic leachate concentrations
likely due to dissolution of TIC,
which is a source of ancient sea
water preservation
 Chloride
 Future:
 If pH is lowered due to
overpumping, more chloride could
be released to the aqueous phase
from dissolution of chloride in TIC
 Saltwater intrusion is a risk and will
increase aquifer chloride
concentrations if it occurs
 Nitrate:
 in groundwater it is associated with anthropogenic sources, such as fertilizers and
waste bi-products
 Typically only an issue in shallow aquifers
 Piney Point aquifer is deep and confined
 High concentrations can cause “blue baby syndrome,” gastric cancer, birth
malformations, and hypertension
 Nitrate
 Acidic leachate:
 Nitric acid was used to make acidic leachate
solution
 Several orders of magnitude higher
concentrations
 Unreliable data
 Nitrate
 Appears to be
influenced by
formation
 Possible inverse
relationship to TIC
 DI: r2=0.6081;
acidic: r2=0.0599;
basic: r2=0.5877;
aquifer: r2=0.7133
 Nitrate
 TNHCl
 Sediments treated with HCl to remove TIC
 Total nitrogen after HCl wash could be calculated
 Since the TIC was dissolved with HCl it is likely that

the higher TNHCl concentrations are associated with
TOC in sediments
 Lower TNHCl concentrations represent N associated
with TIC
 Also dissolved with TIC
 Nitrate
 Future:
 Overpumping may lead to release of nitrogen
compounds from TOC in deep sediments
 More research is required
 Lower pH leading to TIC dissolution could mean

TOC has a greater impact on sediment TN
 Further research
 Characterization of TOC and TN in aquifer

sediments
 Leaching experiments with HCl

 Sulfate:
 in groundwater it is associated with solid-aqueous phase interactions, specifically,
weathering of sulfide minerals, as well as, rainwater and atmospheric deposition
 Sulfur concentrations are known to have effects on pH balance and redox potential of
groundwaters, often associated with acid mine drainage
 High concentrations can have laxative effects, especially for infants, and alter
water taste and smell
 Sulfate
 Concentrations in leachate follow a
similar pattern to sulfur concentrations
in sediments
 Strong correlations in all leachate
treatments between leachate SO4 and
sediment S (DI: r2=0.7466; acidic:
r2=0.7657; basic: r2=0.7025; aquifer:
r2=0.7270)
 Sulfate
 Sample 19: acidic and basic leachate
anomalously high
 Sediment TIC is also high
 Correlation between leachate SO4 and
sediment TIC (acidic: r2=0.3407; basic:
r2=0.2318)
 Possible weak relationship
 Sulfate
 Future:
 As more sediments are exposed to oxic
conditions due to overpumping, more
sulfate will be released from solid to
aqueous phase
F in leachates (ppm) Cl in leachates (ppm) NO3 in leachates (ppm) SO4 in leachates (ppm)
Depth below DI Acidic Basic Aquifer DI Acidic Basic Aquifer DI Acidic Basic Aquifer DI Acidic Basic Aquifer
land surface Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate Leachate
pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48
Conclusion
Sample Code (ft) Formation
5 255.9 Old Church 1.21 3.50 1.12 1.35 4.92 14.78 10.64 12.03 6.29 1894.69 5.51 6.33 600.16 532.12 494.64 650.31
8 258.9 Old Church 1.08 2.74 1.12 1.25 4.18 13.35 11.05 9.69 6.64 1736.85 6.51 6.34 706.79 595.65 982.60 747.14
13 263.0 Piney Point 1.17 2.07 1.11 1.24 4.74 14.25 11.08 9.90 4.45 1837.20 4.07 3.73 1105.18 897.24 840.96 1028.80
19 269.1 Piney Point 1.11 1.36 1.07 1.19 5.19 13.60 10.61 9.35 4.40 1803.76 3.95 3.73 613.85 1545.49 1922.87 543.76
22 272.1 Piney Point 1.15 1.18 1.14 1.23 3.99 14.13 10.14 8.94 4.43 1836.67 4.18 3.94 144.29 99.79 91.25 102.20
26 276.1 Piney Point 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.26 4.23 14.01 10.33 8.82 4.61 1847.20 4.53 3.94 184.36 160.37 250.59 165.48
31 281.1 Piney Point 1.23 1.33 1.26 1.36 4.27 14.54 10.30 8.95 6.08 1892.20 5.45 5.50 293.77 261.63 423.81 309.63
38 287.0 Nanjemoy 1.34 1.29 1.33 1.42 4.10 14.70 10.34 9.37 9.11 1891.03 8.90 8.47 194.54 177.20 219.28 225.99
40 294.1 Nanjemoy 1.37 1.17 1.39 1.41 4.02 14.46 10.61 9.46 9.93 1871.00 9.55 8.75 Well depth
341.59 279.26 373.39 301.27
- -
Well name surface (ft) pH F Cl NO3 SO4
 All anion concentrations were higher in Racefield 228 7.62 0.6322 2.8385 2.2782 10.4886
leachate than in groundwater samples New Kent Courthouse

Retreat
228
230
7.71
7.51
0.3430
0.5560
2.1768
1.8977
n.a.
n.a.
15.3313
7.1740
 As sediments are exposed to oxic Kings Village 250 7.67 0.5999 2.4469 n.a. 9.1086
conditions, they will release more anions Upper County Park 262 7.52 0.5743 2.3666 2.2971 10.1147
to aquifer water when rewetted Lightfoot Well #3 (Banbury Cross)
Liberty Ridge
265
266
7.96
8.34
1.0546
0.9611
3.0041
5.6992
2.2517
2.2031
12.1848
9.7988
Lightfoot Well #1 271 8.28 1.0431 2.5216 2.1848 9.0085
Glenwood 272 7.76 0.7209 2.5281 n.a. 8.8019
Westport 273 8.4 1.2594 7.9500 2.3277 10.5308
Ware Creek 275 7.91 0.9115 2.1216 2.2501 8.2893
Owens-Illinois 277 7.61 0.6341 2.3903 2.1961 9.2641
Kristiansand 282 7.92 1.6816 63.2899 2.2011 30.9164
Ford's Colony 290 8.24 0.9279 4.4457 n.a. 8.4683
Olde Towne Road 295 8.26 0.9303 2.9637 2.1899 9.2482
Pottery 296 7.86 0.8891 9.5414 2.2955 13.7851
Norge 297 7.55 0.7383 8.2363 2.2853 11.3128
Ewell Hall 305 8.34 0.9903 2.6121 2.2192 9.0825
Wexford 306 7.81 0.8020 2.2341 2.5835 6.9372
EPA SMCL - 6.5-8.5 2 250 - 250
Sample Code (ft) Formation pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48
5 255.9 Old Church 1.21 3.50 1.12 1.35 4.92 14.78 10.64 12.03 6.29 1894.69 5.51 6.33 600.16 532.12 494.64 650.31
8 258.9 Old Church 1.08 2.74 1.12 1.25 4.18 13.35 11.05 9.69 6.64 1736.85 6.51 6.34 706.79 595.65 982.60 747.14
13 263.0 Piney Point 1.17 2.07 1.11 1.24 4.74 14.25 11.08 9.90 4.45 1837.20 4.07 3.73 1105.18 897.24 840.96 1028.80
19 269.1 Piney Point 1.11 1.36 1.07 1.19 5.19 13.60 10.61 9.35 4.40 1803.76 3.95 3.73 613.85 1545.49 1922.87 543.76
22 272.1 Piney Point 1.15 1.18 1.14 1.23 3.99 14.13 10.14 8.94 4.43 1836.67 4.18 3.94 144.29 99.79 91.25 102.20
26 276.1 Piney Point 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.26 4.23 14.01 10.33 8.82 4.61 1847.20 4.53 3.94 184.36 160.37 250.59 165.48
31 281.1 Piney Point 1.23 1.33 1.26 1.36 4.27 14.54 10.30 8.95 6.08 1892.20 5.45 5.50 293.77 261.63 423.81 309.63
38 287.0 Nanjemoy 1.34 1.29 1.33 1.42 4.10 14.70 10.34 9.37 9.11 1891.03 8.90 8.47 194.54 177.20 219.28 225.99
40 294.1 Nanjemoy 1.37 1.17 1.39 1.41 4.02 14.46 10.61 9.46 9.93 1871.00 9.55 8.75 341.59 279.26 373.39 301.27
 Sulfate concentrations exceed EPA SMCL (250 ppm) in nearly every sediment sample across
leachate treatments
 As sediments are exposed oxic conditions from overpumping, sulfate concentrations could become an
issue
 Nitrate concentrations are close to EPA MCL (10 ppm)
 If groundwater is drawn from Nanjemoy sediments due to water table drawdown, nitrate levels will
need to be monitored carefully
Conclusion
 Fluoride – if pH is lowered, concentrations increase in presence of sediment
phosphorus and TOC
 Chloride – if pH is lowered, concentrations increase
 Nitrate – further research is required, possibly as TIC is dissolved, due to lower pH,
TOC will have a greater effect on nitrogen chemistry
 Sulfate – associated with sediment concentrations
Conclusion
 These findings establish an initial idea of how increased water exploitation may affect the
groundwater quality of the Piney Point aquifer
 Climate change may also worsen the effects of overpumping
 Further study is needed to more fully grasp the mechanisms releasing anions from aquifer
sediments to aquifer water
Acknowledgements
 Committee:
Dr. Arif Sikder
Dr. Leigh McCallister
Dr. Ed Crawford
Dr. Julie Zinnert
 Dr. Joseph Turner – Ion chromograph
 Jennifer Ciminelli – Map
 Daniel Boehling, Elli Bosch, Sea Erickson,
Xin-Chen Liu, Evan MacDonald, Liz
Schold – Sample collection
Questions?
 Sediments are a source of geogenic pollution to aquifer water

 Groundwater chemistry will reflect the sediment chemistry
 In VA, the Chesapeake Bay impact crater
Objective
 To assess the groundwater quality in terms of anion concentrations in Piney

Point aquifer
 To gain an understanding of the release mechanisms of anions from the
sediments of the aquifer under varying pH conditions
 Leaching
 Focusing on geogenic pollution, since Piney Point is a deep, confined aquifer
 How Piney Point sediments will be affected by overpumping
 associated alterations to the aquifer chemistry
 Remove?
 Fluoride
 in groundwater it is associated with desorption from phosphatic
sedimentary materials
 phosphatic sedimentary material in the Old Church Formation
Conclusion
Sample Code (ft) Formation pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48 pH 6.24 pH 2.00 pH 10.88 pH 7.48
5 255.9 Old Church 1.21 3.50 1.12 1.35 4.92 14.78 10.64 12.03 6.29 1894.69 5.51 6.33 600.16 532.12 494.64 650.31
8 258.9 Old Church 1.08 2.74 1.12 1.25 4.18 13.35 11.05 9.69 6.64 1736.85 6.51 6.34 706.79 595.65 982.60 747.14
13 263.0 Piney Point 1.17 2.07 1.11 1.24 4.74 14.25 11.08 9.90 4.45 1837.20 4.07 3.73 1105.18 897.24 840.96 1028.80
19 269.1 Piney Point 1.11 1.36 1.07 1.19 5.19 13.60 10.61 9.35 4.40 1803.76 3.95 3.73 613.85 1545.49 1922.87 543.76
22 272.1 Piney Point 1.15 1.18 1.14 1.23 3.99 14.13 10.14 8.94 4.43 1836.67 4.18 3.94 144.29 99.79 91.25 102.20
26 276.1 Piney Point 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.26 4.23 14.01 10.33 8.82 4.61 1847.20 4.53 3.94 184.36 160.37 250.59 165.48
31 281.1 Piney Point 1.23 1.33 1.26 1.36 4.27 14.54 10.30 8.95 6.08 1892.20 5.45 5.50 293.77 261.63 423.81 309.63
38 287.0 Nanjemoy 1.34 1.29 1.33 1.42 4.10 14.70 10.34 9.37 9.11 1891.03 8.90 8.47 194.54 177.20 219.28 225.99
40 294.1 Nanjemoy 1.37 1.17 1.39 1.41 4.02 14.46 10.61 9.46 9.93 1871.00 9.55 8.75 341.59 279.26 373.39 301.27
 All anion concentrations were higher in leachate than in groundwater samples

 As sediments are exposed to oxic conditions, they will release more anions to aquifer water when
rewetted

An Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Piney Point Aquifer, Virginia

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An Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Piney Point Aquifer, Virginia

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Groundwater quality

assessment of the Piney

 Groundwater and Anions

 Underground water in the pores between sediments

 Groundwater flows relatively short

 Natural or geogenic pollution

 Negatively charged ions, primarily nonmetals

 Sediments are a source of geogenic pollution to aquifer water

 Temperate, humid climate, heavily vegetated

 Deposited relatively uniformly on the

 Assess Piney Point aquifer sediments leaching potential

 Why Piney Point aquifer?

 In Piney Point aquifer specifically

 Piney Point aquifer quality will be analyzed by

 Half the world’s population is dependent on groundwater for their primary

Methods - Sediments Sample Code

 Deposited in the late Oligocene

 Deposited in the middle Eocene

 Deposited in the early Eocene

19 269.1 1.0063 1.0100 1.0229 1.0127

 Most abundant elements: silicon (5.89-34.26%) and calcium (0.57-49.65%)

 TIC and S show distinct

 This data will serve as a

assessment of the aquifer water New Kent Courthouse

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

assessment of the aquifer water New Kent Courthouse

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

 If utilized in the future this could be an issue

 High concentrations can cause fluorosis, hinder bone development

 Low pH reacted with

 In Piney Point, chloride is likely from solid-aqueous interactions

 Sediments could be preserving ions from ancient sea

 Since the TIC was dissolved with HCl it is likely that

 Lower pH leading to TIC dissolution could mean

 Characterization of TOC and TN in aquifer

 Leaching experiments with HCl

leachate than in groundwater samples New Kent Courthouse

 Sediments are a source of geogenic pollution to aquifer water

 To assess the groundwater quality in terms of anion concentrations in Piney

 All anion concentrations were higher in leachate than in groundwater samples

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