Kinds of Morphemes

1. Free Morpheme
2. Bound Morpheme
 Type of morphemes
• Free Vs. Bound Morphemes

Free Bound
Can stand alone as separate Cannot occur on their own
words as separate words
Single morphemes Affixes
e.g. hunt, kill, the, play, -s in dogs
child, book. -ness in happiness
-ed in walked
 Free Morphemes
it’s divided into lexical and functional morphemes.
Lexical morphemes Functional morphemes
As content words: carry the as function words
content of the message
Includes nouns, verbs, Include pronouns, articles,
adjective, adverbs: conjunctions, prepositions:
children, love, beauty, play, as, the, on, from, and, in, etc.
sing
Open class word Close class words
 Bound Morphemes (I)

Affixation
• Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a base, e.g. re-
play.

• Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a base, e.g. kind-

ness.

• Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-

in-ambung.
 Bound Morphemes (II)
It’s divided into derivational and inflectional
morphemes.
 Derivational  Inflectional
morphemes make new morphemes indicate
words in a language- aspects of grammatical
different grammatical function of a word.
category from the stem
e.g. suffix –ed in walked
e.g. suffix –ness in indicate past tense
happiness
Root, Stem and Base
 1. Root (akar)
A root is the base form of a word which cannot be
further analyzed without total loss of identity. It is
that part of the word left when all the affixes are
removed.
ROOT = a (usually free) morpheme around which words can be built up through the
addition of affixes. The root usually has a more-soecific meaning than the affixes that
attach to it. Ex.: The root 'kind' can have affixes added to it to form 'kindly',
'kindness', 'kinder', 'kindest'. The root is the item you have left when you strip all
other morphemes off of a complex word. In the word dehumanizing, for example, if
you strip off all the affixes -- -ing, -ize, and de-, human is what you have left. It
cannot be divided further into meaningful parts. It is the root of the word.
 Identify the roots:

knowingly, anormality,
brainlessness, unreheated,
ministerially, unreheated,
untainted, rediscover,
actions, insufferable,
paranormality, disinherited.
 2. Stem (pangkal)
A Stem is that part of a word to which grammatical / inflectional affixes
are added.
• single root morpheme : cats (inflectional suffix -s)
• two root morphemes : blackbird (compound stem)
• a root morpheme plus a derivational affix (i.e. a complex stem, as in unscrew)
• cats: single root morpheme: cat+ + inflectional suffix -s
• crowbars: two root morphemes (crow + bar) + inflectional suffix -s
• inventions: : root morpheme invent+ + lexical suffix -ion + inflectional suffix -s
 Identify and describe the stems in the following
words
1. housewives
2. tightened
3. consultant
4. unbuckle
housewives: stem housewife / two root morphemes house + wife
tightened: stem tighten / root morpheme tight + lexical suffix –en
consultant: stem consultant / root morpheme consult + lexical suffix -ant
unbuckles: stem unbuckle / root morpheme buckle + lexical prefix un-
 3. Base (dasar)
• Base : every form to which an affix can be added is a base. Every root
and every stem is a thus base.
• The set of bases, however, is larger than the union of all roots and
stems, because the process of affixation applies recursively.
• Examples: Untouchable
• Lexical prefix un- + touchable
• Touchable is not a root ( it is complex, consisting of the root touch +
lexical suffix –able)
• touchable is not a stem, either - it is not an inflectional form.
 Analyze the following words:

handbags,
presently,
truthfulness,
misstatement,
reinvent,
bathrooms
(base) stem: handbag, two roots: hand / bag, , grammatical suffix –s
(base) root : present, lexical suffix –ly
(base) root : thruth, lexical suffix –ful, base thruthful, lexical suffix –
ness
(base) root : state, lexical prefix–mis, base misstate, lexical suffix –
ment,
(base) root : invent, lexical prefix–re
(base) root : bathroom, two roots : bath/ room, grammatical suffix –s
• Base : bentuk apa saja yang bisa ditambahkan affix
(infleksional/derivasional) (untouchable)
• Stem : bagian kata yang berada sebelum affix infleksional. (dogs)
• Root : inti kata yang tidak dapat direduksi & tdk ada yang menempel
padanya. (touch)
•Base - Stem - Root