 Hypotheses (plural)

 is a tentative
explanation or an
answer to a question
about variables, their
relationship, and other
facts involved in the
research.
 You are free to
hypothesize; it
means to infer,
propose, or guess
about a factual
things related to the
research.
 It is an inferential thinking
that makes you guess
something based not only
on whatever experience of
factual knowledge you
have about such a thing
but also on conclusions that
were logically drawn by
other research studies.
 It has to be tested
through analytical
investigation to
prove how true or
false it is.
 They guide on which
aspect of the research
to focus on.
 They provide
opportunities to prove
the relationship
between variables.
 They give the right
direction of the research.
 They outline your
thoughts on your manner
of summarizing the results
and of explaining the
conclusions.
 Null Hypothesis – It is
symbolized by Ho,
which states the
absence of
relationship between
the independent and
dependent variables.
 Alternative Hypothesis –
It is symbolized by Hi,
states the relationship
between the
independent and the
dependent variables
and the fact that the first
affects the second one.
 Theory-driven vs. Data-
driven Hypotheses – A
hypothesis that is based
on existing theory to
explain the relationship of
variables and the effects
of one variable on the
other variables is theory-
driven.
 If it is based on
the findings of
previous research
studies, it is a
data-driven
hypothesis.
 Directional Hypothesis
(one-tailed) – a one-
tailed test, is a test of
significance to
determine if there is a
relationship between
variables in one
direction.
 predicts the actual DIRECTION
in which the findings will go. It
is more precise, and usually
used when other research has
been carried out previously,
giving us a good idea of which
way the results will go. (Ex. we
predict more or less, an
increase or decrease, higher
or lower)
 Non-directional
Hypothesis (two-tailed) –
a two-tailed test, is the
standard test of
significance to determine
if there is a relationship
between variables in
either direction.
 predicts an OPEN outcome
thus the results can go in 2
directions. It is left very general
and is usually used when no
other research has been done
before thus we do not know
what will happen. (Ex. we
predict a difference, an effect
or a change but we do not
know in what direction)
 A statement specifying the
relationship between two variables
due to the influence of something
is a descriptive hypothesis. (uses in
non-experimental research)
 Due to cause and effect
relationship, it is a causal
hypothesis. (uses in true
experimental or quasi experimental
research)
 Express your hypotheses in a
declarative sentence.
 Support your hypotheses with
ideas based on theories, known
facts, previous studies, or your
own experience and wisdom.
 Establish a logical relationship
between the hypotheses and
research problem.
 Have your hypotheses predict
the nature of relationship
between or among variables.
 Ascertain the possibility of
having some means of testing,
analyzing and investigating your
hypotheses.
 Avoid wordiness by using clear,
exact or specific language in
stating the hypotheses.