A Presentation on

The Noise and Crosstalk

Environment for ADSL and
VDSL Systems
John W. Cook
Rob H. Kirkby
Martin G. Booth
Kevin T. Foster
Don E. A. Clarke
Gavin Young

BT Laboratories
PRESENTATION CONTRIBUTION
• Introduction
• Crosstalk and EMC
• FEXT Measurement
and Spectral Compatibility
• VDSL Band and Conclusion
- IFJ Jahani – SEU/IS/13/EG/036
- KF Joofa - SEU/IS/13/EG/051
- GSU Ahmadh - SEU/IS/13/EG/011
- KDM Fernando -SEU/IS/13/EG/021
CONTENTS
• The copper access network infrastructure
• Impairments for DSL
• Noise
• Crosstalk
• EMC
• Measuring FEXT
• Spectral compatibility
• Producing frequency planning
• ADSL
• VDSL
• Significance of frequency planning
• Conclusion
THE COPPER ACCESS NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURE

Access Network
Topology
IMPAIRMENTS FOR DSL

• Intrinsic impairments
• Noise (such as thermal noise, echoes, reflections, attenuation, crosstalk)
• Condition of the cable infrastructure

• Extrinsic Impairments
• Impulsive noise originating from lightning strikes
• Electric fences
• Power lines
• Machinery
• Arc welders
• Switches
• Fluorescent lighting
• Radio interference
NOISE SOURCES

• Capacity limiting noise

• Thermal noise
• Crosstalk

• Performance limiting noise

• Impulses
• RFI (Radio Frequency Interference)
CROSSTALK
• Crosstalk is interference of another cable pair in multi pair access network, when signal travels across wires.

• NEXT • FEXT
NEXT is a interference that appear on another pair FEXT is interference that appears on another pair
at the same end of the cable. at the far end of cable.
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC)

• DSL Transmission systems operate on access wired pair which exist in electromagnetic
environment.
• EMC is the concept of enabling DSL Transmission system to transmit signal without
electromagnetic interference when cables are closed to each other.
MEASURING FEXT
• Cables at low frequencies are more with the problem of FEXT

• FEXT depends on
• Joints
• Gauge changes
In cables
MEASURING FEXT
• Time Consuming and Involved
• In a live network,
• More difficult to make any measurement
• Not easy as in LAB
• It Is Necessary To Measure As Large A Set Of
The Pair-pair Combinations As Possible
MEASURING FEXT

Figure: a schematic of part of a distribution network.

MEASURING FEXT IN A LIVE NETWORK
Each SNR represents the
difference between a
particular insertion loss
and the power sum of
the 99 FEXT couplings
which contribute to
FEXT interference into
that pair.

Figure: Over-plotted the 100 FEXT SNRs for the 100 pairs of a calibration check
cable.
SPECTRAL COMPATIBILITY

• Coordinating the behavior of systems sharing the cable environment, in

order to realize the data transmission capacity of the cables.
• Spectral compatibility is achieved by limiting the spectral power each
transmitter may inject into the cables.
• The set of rules which define these limits is called a frequency plan.
PRODUCING A FREQUENCY PLAN

• There is no consensus yet on how to produce a frequency plan. The matter is being
debated in various standards bodies, notably American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) T1E1.4, and eventually a common set of tools may emerge.
• It is very unlikely that a common frequency plan will be possible, because different
networks have different topologies and different legacies of systems already deployed.
• Thus, each operator owning a copper access network is likely to require their own
individual frequency plan which applies to that network.
• The method used in this article is based on spectral masks
• under such a plan, every transmitter has a mask applicable to it, and
conforms to the plan provided that its power output is no greater than the
mask at each frequency.
• Which mask is applicable depends on where the transmitter is located, but
is independent of the type of system — the spirit of such plans is that if any
type of system may transmit at a given level at a given location, every type
of system may.
PERFORMANCE
The performance of a transmission system can be evaluated
• the best data rate it can achieve on a given channel
• more usual for comparing voice band modems
• the worst channel it can use for a given data rate
• more useful to Tel.Companies as it relates to reach the
longest line a given technology can use.
DUPLEXING

• Systematic separation of the directional channels.

• Duplexing can be achieved either by the two ways
1. Assigning non-overlapping frequency bands (FDD)
2. Assigning intervals of time exclusively to each direction, (TDD
THE ADSL BAND

• Assume that the transport technologies to be supported are existing POTS, narrowband
ISDN (ISDN-BA), 2 Mb/s HDSL, and new ADSL connections.
• In each case, one end of the connection is in the exchange, the other in the customer
premises.
• Then the frequency plan is designed to permit the existing installed base of equipment
and support a standard form of ADSL, while forbidding any more powerful
transmissions (which may have an adverse impact on the service quality of existing DSL
systems).
The Upstream mask
is the maximum of
the spectra produced
by ISDN-BRA,
HDSL, and ADSL
transmitters. • Figure shows the resulting
upstream mask for ranges that
three-pair HDSL can reach but
two-pair cannot.
The resulting Mask of
both Up and Downs
Stream Masks
REFERENCES
[1] G. Young, K. T. Foster, and J. W. Cook, “Broadband Multimedia Delivery over Copper,” BT Tech. J., vol. 13, no. 4, Oct. 1995.
[2] K. T. Foster, “The radio frequency environment for high speed metallic access systems,” Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM ’96, VDSL
Wksp. (invited paper), Nov. 1996, London.
[3] K. T. and D. L. Standley, “A preliminary experimental study of the RF emissions from drop wires carrying pseudo-VDSL
signals and the subjective effect on a nearby amateur radio listener,” ANSI T1E1.4/96-165, Apr. 1996.
[4] K. T. Foster, “On the subjective effect of RF emissions from VDSL — a practical comparison between transmissions from two
laboratory demonstrators,” ANSI T1E1.4/96-191, July 1996.
[5] K. T. Foster and D. L. Standley, “Further practical measurements on radiated emissions and path loss,” ANSI T1E1.4/96-317,
Nov. 1996.
[6] K. Kerpez, C. Valenti, and A. Johnson, Bellcore, “Generic Approach and Common Specifications of Transmitter Power —
Spectral Density Masks for Twisted-Pair Loop transmission Systems,” ANSI T1E1.4/97-294.
[8] ANSI T1.413 Issue 2 (1998), “Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Metallic Interface.”
[7] J. W. Lechleider, “The feasibility and advisability of a DSL operating at substantially higher information rates than that of
basic access DSL should be studied,” ANSI T1E1.4/88-038, 1998.
[9] R. H. Kirkby, “FEXT Is Not Reciprocal,” ETSI TM3 WG1/RG12, TD 5, Toulouse, France, Dec. 1995.
[10] http://www.homepna.org