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Mathematically, ASK is
vask(t) = [1 vm(t)][A/2 cos(c t)]
For logic 1 , vm(t)=+1V
vask(t) = [1 1][A/2 cos(c t)] = Acos(c t)
For logic 0 , vm(t)=-1V
vask(t) = [1 - 1][A/2 cos(c t)] = 0
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Fig. 13-3. Binary FSK transmitter.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of FSK
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Fig. 13-4. FSK modulator.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of FSK
Example 13-1:
For a binary FSK modulator with space, rest, and mark
frequencies of 60, 70, and 80 MHz, respectively and an
input bit rate of 20 Mbps, determine the output baud
and the minimum required bandwidth.
Solution:
Substituting into Equ. (13-4), we have
mf = |(fm – fs)/fb|
= |80MHz–60MHz|/20Mbps
= 20MHz/20Mbps
= 1.0
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BPSK Transmitter
Figure 13-9 shows a simplified block diagram of a BPSK
modulator. The balanced modulator acts like a phase
reversing switch.
Fig. 13-10. (a) Balanced ring modulator; (b) Logic ‘1’ input; (c) Logic ‘0’ input. 26
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Fig. 13-12. Output phase vs. time for a BPSK modulator.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK
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Example 13-3:
For the QPSK modulator shown in Figure 13-14, construct the truth
table, phasor diagram, and constellation diagram.
Solution:
For a binary data input of Q=0 and I=0, the two inputs to the
I balanced modulator are –1 and sinct, and the two inputs to
the Q balanced modulator are –1 and cosct.
Consequently, the outputs are
I balanced modulator = (-1)(sinct) = -1.sinct
Q balanced modulator = (-1)(cosct) = -1.cosct
And the output of the linear summer is
-1.cosct – 1.sinct = 1.414sin(ct - 135o)
For the remaining digit codes (‘01’, ‘10’, and ‘11’), the
procedure is the same. 38
In Figure 13-15b it can be seen that with QPSK each of the four
possible output phasors has exactly the same amplitude.
Therefore, the binary information must be encoded entirely in
the phase of the output signal.
From Figure 13-15b it can be seen that the angular separation
between any two adjacent phasors in QPSK is 90°. Therefore, a
QPSK signal can undergo almost a +45° or -45° shift in phase
during transmission and still retain the correct encoded
information when demodulated at the receiver.
Figure 13-16 shows the output phase versus time relationship for
a QPSK modulator.
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Example 13-4:
For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate (fb)
equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth (fN) and
the baud. Compare the results with those achieved
with the BPSK modulator in Example 13-2.
Solution:
The bit rate in both the I and Q channels is equal to
one-half of the transmission bit rate or
fbQ = fbI = fb/2 = 10Mbps/2 = 5Mbps
The highest fundamental frequency presented to either
balanced modulator is
fa = fbQ/2 = fbI/2 = 5Mbps/2 = 2.5Mbps.
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For the same input bit rate the minimum bandwidth require to
pass the output of the QPSK modulator is equal to one-half of
that required for the BPSK modulator.
Also, the baud rate for the QPSK modulator is one-half that of
the BPSK modulator.
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Fig. 13-18. QPSK receiver.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
QPSK Receiver
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Example 13-5:
For a tribit input of Q = 0, I = 0, and C = 0 (000), determine
the output phase for the 8-PSK modulator shown in Figure
13-20.
Solution:
The inputs to the I-channel 2-to-4-level converter are I = 0
and C = 0. From Figure 13-21 the output is –0.541V. The
inputs to the Q-channel 2-to-4-level converter are Q = 0 and
C = 1. Again from Figure 13-21, the output is –1.307V.
Thus the two inputs to the I-channel product modulators
are –0.541V and sinct. The output is
qI = (-0.541) (sinct) = -0.541 sinct. 56
With 8-PSK, since the data are divided into three channels,
the bit rate in the I, Q, or C channel is equal to 1/3 of the
binary input data rate (fb/3). (The bit splitter stretches the I,
Q, and C bits to three times their input bit length.)
Figure 13-24 shows the bit timing relationship between the
binary input data; the I-, Q-, and C-channel data; and the I
and Q PAM signals.
The highest fundamental frequency in the I, Q or C channel
is equal to 1/6 of the bit rate of the binary input (one cycle in
the I, Q, or C channel takes the same amount of time as six
input bits).
Also, the highest fundamental frequency in either PAM
signal is equal to one-sixth of the binary input bit rate. 60
Example 13-6:
For an 8-PSK modulator with an input data rate (fb)
equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
determine the minimum double-sided Nyquist BW (fN)
and the baud. Also, compare the results with those
achieved with the BPSK and QPSK modulators in
Examples 13-2 and 13-4.
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Solution:
The bit rate in the I, Q, and C channels is equal to
one-third of the input bit rate, or
fbC=fbQ=fbI = 10Mbps/3 =3.33Mbps.
The faster rate of change and highest fundamental
frequency presented to either balanced modulator is
fa = fbC/2 = fbQ/2 = fbI/2
= 3.33Mbps/2 = 1.667Mbps
The output wave from the balance modulator is
(sin2fat)(sin2fct)
= ½[cos2(68.333MHz)t – cos2(71.667MHz)t]
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8-PSK Receiver
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Fig. 13-28. Truth table for the I- and Q-channel 2-to-4-level converters.
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Example 13-7:
For a tribit input of Q = 0, I = 0, and C = 0 (input
sequence ‘000’), determine output amplitude and phase
for the 8-QAM modulator of Figure 13-27.
Solution:
The inputs to the I-channel 2-to-4-level converter are I=0
and C=0. From Figure 13-28 the output is -0.541V.
The inputs to the Q-channel 2-to-4-level converter are
Q=0 and C=0. From Figure 13-28 the output is -0.541V.
Thus the two inputs to the I-channel product modulator
are -0.541 and sinct. The I-channel output is
qI = (-0.541)(sinct) = -0.541 sinct
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Fig. 13-32. Truth tables for the I- and Q-channel 2-to-4 level
converters: (a) I channel; (b) Q channel. 84
Example 13-8:
For a quadbit input of I = 0, I' = 0, Q = 0, and Q' = 0 (input
sequence of ‘0000’), determine the output amplitude and
phase for the 16-QAM modulator shown in Figure 13-31.
Solution:
The inputs to the I-channel 2-to-4-level converter are
I=0 and I'=0. From Figure 13-32, the output is -0.22 V.
The inputs to the Q-channel 2-to-4-level converter are
Q=0 and Q'=0. From Figure 13-32, the output is -0.22V.
Thus the two inputs to the I-channel product modulator
are -0.22V and sinct. The I-channel output is
qI = (-0.22)(sinct) = -0.22sinct
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Example 13-9:
For a 16-QAM modulator with an input data rate (fb)
equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
determine the minimum double-sided Nyquist
frequency (fN) and the baud.
Also, compare the results with those achieved with the
BPSK, QPSK, and 8-PSK modulators in Examples 13-
2, 13-4, and 13-6. Use the 16-QAM block diagram
shown in Figure 13-27 as the modulator model.
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Solution:
The bit rate in the I, I’, Q, and Q’ channels is equal to
1/4 of the input bit rate or
fbI = fbI’ = fbQ = fbQ’ = fb/4 = 10Mbps/4 = 2.5 Mbps
Therefore, the faster rate of change and highest
fundamental frequency presented to either balanced
modulator is
fa = fbI/2 = fbI’/2 = fbQ/2 = fbQ’/2
= 2.5 Mbps/2 = 1.25 Mbps
The output wave from the balanced modulator is
(sin2fat)(sin2fct)
= ½ cos[2(68.75MHz)t] - ½ cos[2(71.25MHz)t]
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Probability of error P(e) and bit error rate (BER) are often
used interchangeably, although in practice they do have
slightly different meanings.
P(e) is a theoretical (mathematical) expectation of the bit
error rate for a given system. BER is an empirical
(historical) record of a system’s actual bit error
performance.
Probability of error is a function of the carrier-to-noise
power ratio (or more specifically, the average energy-per-bit
to noise-power-density ratio) and the number of possible
encoding conditions used (M-ary).
Carrier-to-noise power ratio is the ratio of the average
carrier power (the combined power of the career and its
associated sidebands) to the thermal noise power. 100
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Fig. 13-41. PSK error region: (a) BPSK; (b) QPSK. 105
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Fig. 13-42. Error rates of PSK modulation systems.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
QAM Error Performance
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