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ME 6408
Advanced Mechatronics
Instructor: Professor I. Charles Ume
• Used to:
– provide noncontact
means to detect and
measure magnetic
field http://farm1.static.flickr.com/62/227729006_fab88c1668.jpg?v=
0
Applications
• IC Engine Electronic Ignition Systems
– Used to determine position of cam shaft
• Brushless DC Motor Control
– Sensors determine position of permanent magnet
rotor
• Assembly Lines
– To determine shaft position and velocity
– As contactless limit switches
• Current Sensing ICs
– Electrically isolated alternative to shunt resistors
http://www.instronics.com/images/sensoronix/image.ds.drawing.v
r.jpg
Advanced Mechatronics, Georgia Tech
ME8843
Typical Application
• Shaft velocity sensor for ABS/traction
control
• Crank and cam shaft position sensors
Installed on CV axle
Sensor Schematic
http://www.me.gatech.edu/mechatronics_lab/Projects/Spring07/Group1/dorthy
6.JPG
Pulse echo
sensor
Transmit-Receive
sensor
X = vsound . t
Where:
Vsound is known
t = 0.5 (time of flight)
X is distance between sensor head and object
Range of sensor varies between 5 cm to 20 m
Sensor is not appropriate for very short distance
measurements
Frequency response (distance measurement
update rate) varies with distance measured
– In general, it is about 100 Hz
Mirror 1 EMAT
Flip Chip
Pad crater with crack initiating at the trace Crack initiates at the edge of the pad
Photo Interrupt
• Uses emitter and detector
photo diode pair
• With no obstruction
detector is high
• When an object blocks the
light the detector is low
• Advantages
– Simple to interface
– Inexpensive
– Reliable
Advanced Mechatronics, Georgia Tech
ME8843
Photo Interrupt
Types
Pressure Sensors
• Used to detect pressure of
fluids or gasses.
• Technologies (many)
– Strain gage
– Piezoresistive
– Microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS)
• Each sensor has a pressure
range that it works in.
• Most have analog outputs
that need amplification
– Some have built-in amplifiers
for direct connection into
microcontroller
Advanced Mechatronics, Georgia Tech
ME8843
Pressure Sensors
Types
• Differential Pressure
– Difference between two or more
pressures introduced as inputs
to the sensing unit
– 2 input
• Absolute/Gage Pressure
– The pressure relative to perfect
vacuum pressure or set
pressure (like pressure at sea
level)
– 1 input
Advanced Mechatronics, Georgia Tech
ME8843
Pressure Sensors
Applications
• Measure pressure of gas or fluids
• Measure altitude
– For plains or weather balloons
• Measure flow
– pressure sensors in conjunction
with the venturi effect to measure
flow
• Measure depth of water
– When measuring liquids, most
sensors are not rated to have
unclean liquids contact the sensor
components. A small amount of air
in the tube right before the sensor
will create a barrier from the liquid.
Advanced Mechatronics, Georgia Tech
ME8843
Accelerometers
• Used to measure acceleration
– Common SI units
meters/second2 (m/s2) or
popularly in terms of g-force (1 g
is earth’s gravity)
• At rest an acceleration will
measure 1 g in the vertical
direction
• They can come in 1, 2 or 3
axis configurations
– With 3 axis it gives a vector of
the accelerations direction (after
accounting Advanced
for gravity)
Mechatronics, Georgia Tech
ME8843
Accelerometers
• Because of earth’s gravity, the
sensor will read 1 to 0 g as the
sensor is rotated from being
vertical to horizontal.
– This can be used to measure
angle the of tilt
• Each sensor has a range that
it works in.
• Most have analog outputs that
need amplification
– Some have built-in amplifiers for
direct connection into
microcontroller
Advanced Mechatronics, Georgia Tech
ME8843
Accelerometers
How they work
• Mechanically the accelerometer
behaves as a mass-damper-spring
system
– Many use Microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS). Which use very small
cantilever beams with masses on them
• Under the influence of gravity or
acceleration, the proof mass deflects
from its neutral position.
• This deflection is measured in an
analog or digital manner
– Commonly the capacitance between a
set of fixed beams and a set of beams
attached to the proof mass is measured.
– Integrating piezoresistors in the springs
to detect spring deformation is another
method
Advanced Mechatronics, Georgia Tech
ME8843
Accelerometers
Applications
• Can be used to sense
orientation, vibration and
shocks.
• Used in electronics like the Wii
and iPhone for user input.
• Acceleration integrated once
gives velocity, integrated a
second time gives position.
– The integration process is not
precise and introduces error into
the velocity and position.
Advanced Mechatronics, Georgia Tech