ETHERNET

• Ethernet is the most widely installed LAN technology.

• Ethernet is a link layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack, describing
how networked devices can format data for transmission to
other network devices on the same network segment, and how
to put that data out on the network connection.
• It touches both physical layer and the data link layer on the OSI
network protocol model.
• The IEEE has subdivided the datalink layer into two sublayers:
Logical link layer (LLC) and Media access control (MAC).
Logical link layer
• Data link control handles framing, flow control and error control. In IEEE
project 802, flow control, error control and part of the framing duties are
collected into one sublayer called the logical link control.
• Framing is handled in both the LLC and MAC sublayers.
• The LLC provides one single datalink control protocol for all IEEE
LANs.This way LLC is different from the MAC sublayer which provides
different protocols for different LANs.
MAC sublayer
The MAC sublayers govern the operation of the access method. It also
frames data received from the upper layers and passes them to the physical
layer.
Figure: Ethernet Frame
• Preamble: The first field of the 802.3 frame contains 7bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s
and 1s that alters the receiving system to the coming frame and enables it to synchronize
its input timing. The Preamble is actually added at the physical layer and is not
(formally) part of the frame.
• Start frame delimiter (SFD): The second field (1 byte: 10101011) signals the beginning
of the frame. The SFD warns the station or stations that this is the last chance for
synchronization. The last 2 bits is 11 and the receiver that the next field is the destination
address.
• Destination address(DA): The DA field is 6 bytes and contains the physical address of
the destination station or stations to receive the packet.
• Source address (SA): The SA field is also 6 bytes and contains the physical address of
the sender of the packet.
• Length or type: This field is defined as a type field or length field. The original Ethernet
used this field as the type field to define the upper layer protocol using the MAC frame.
The IEEE standard used it as the length field to define the number of bytes in the data
field.
• Data: This field carries data encapsulated from the upper layer protocols. It is a minimum
of 46 and a maximum of 1500 bytes.
• CRC: The last field contains error detection information.
Frame length:
• Ethernet has imposed restrictions on both the minimum and maximum
lengths of a frame.
• An Ethernet frame needs to have a minimum length of 512 bits or 64
bytes.
• Part of this length is the header and the trailer. The standard defines
the maximum length of a frame (without preamble and SFD field) as
1518bytes.
• If we subtract the 18 bytes of the header and trailer, the maximum
length of the payload is 1500bytes.
Addressing:

• Each station of an Ethernet network (such as a PC,

workstation, or printer) has its own network interface
card (NIC).
• The NIC fits inside the station and provides the station
with a 6-byte physical address.
STANDARD ETHERNET

• The Standard Ethernet defines several physical layer

implementations.
• For encoding and decoding all standard implementations
use digital signaling (base band) at 10 Mbps.
• At the sender, data are converted to a digital signal using
the Manchester scheme.
• At the receiver, the received signal is interpreted as
Manchester and decoded into data.
MAC SUBLAYER IN STANDARD ETHERNET

• Access Method
• CSMA/CD

• Frame Format
PHYSICAL LAYER IN STANDARD ETHERNET

• Topology
• Bus topology
• Star topology

• Implementations
• 10Base5
• 10Base2
• 10Base-T
• 10Base-F
 10BASE5:THICK ETHERNET
• The first implementation is called 10Base5,thick Ethernet, or Thicknet.
• 10Base5 was the first Ethernet specification to use a bus topology with an
external Ethernet transceiver (transmitter/receiver) connected via a tap to a
thick coaxial cable.
• The transceiver is connected to the station via a transceiver cable that
provides separate paths for sending and receiving.
• This means that collision can only happen in the coaxial cable.
• The maximum length of the coaxial cable must not exceed
500m,otherwise,there is excessive degradation of the signal.
• If a length of more than 500m is needed, up to five segments, each a maximum
of 500 meter, can be connected using repeaters.
Fig: 10Base5 Implementation
10BASE2:THIN ETHERNET
• The second implementation is called 10Base2,thin Ethernet or
cheapernet.
• 10Base2also uses a bus topology, but the cable is much thinner and
more flexible. The cable can be bent to pass very close to the stations.
• In this case, the transceiver is normally part of the network interface
card(NIC),which is installed inside the station.
• The collision here occurs in the thin coaxial cable.
• This implementation is more cost effective than 10Base5 because thin
coaxial cable is less expensive than thick coaxial and tee connections
are much cheaper than taps.
• Installation is simpler because the thin coaxial cable is very flexible.
• However, the length of each segment cannot exceed 185m(close to
200m) due to the high level of attenuation in thin coaxial cable.
10BASE-T:TWISTED-PAIR ETHERNET

• The third implementation is called 10Base-T or twisted-

pair Ethernet.
• 10Base-T uses a physical star topology.
• The stations are connected to a hub via two pairs of
twisted cable.
• The maximum length of the twisted cable here is defined as
100m,to minimize the effect of attenuation in the twisted
cable.
10BASE-F:FIBER ETHERNET

• 10Base-F uses a star topology to connect stations to a hub.

• The stations are connected to the hub using two fiber-optic
cables.
FAST ETHERNET

• Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN

protocols such as FDDI or Fiber Channel (or Fibre channel,
as it is sometimes spelled ).
• IEEE created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u.Fast
Ethernet is back-ward compatible with Standard Ethernet,
but it can transmit data 10times faster at a rate of
100Mbps.
GOALS OF FAST ETHERNET

• Upgrade the data rate to 100 mbps

• Make it compatible with standard Ethernet
• Keep the same 48 bit address
• Keep the same frame format
ACCESS METHOD

1. A decision was made to drop the bus topologies and

keep only the star topology but make the maximum size
of the network 250 meters.
2. Using link layer switch with a buffer to store frames and
a full duplex connection to each host to make
transmission medium private for each host.
AUTONEGOTIATION

• To allow incompatible devices to connect to one another.

For
• example, a device with a maximum capacity of 10Mbps can
communicate with a device with a 100Mbps capacity(but
can work at a lower rate).
• To allow one device to have multiple capabilities.
• To allow a station to check a hub’s capabilities.
PHYSICAL LAYER IN FAST
ETHERNET
1) Topology
• Fast Ethernet is designed to connect two or more stations
together.
• If there are only stations,they can be connected point-to-
point.
• Three or more stations need to be connected in a star
topology with a hub or a switch at the center.
2)Encoding
• Manchester encoding needs a 200-Mbaud bandwidth for a
data rate of 100Mbps,which makes it unsuitable for a
medium such as twisted pair cable.
• Ethernet designers sought some alternative
encoding/decoding scheme.
100BASE-TX

• 100Base-TX uses two pairs of twisted pair cable(either category

5 UTP or STP).
• For this implementation, the MLT-3 scheme was selected since it
has good bandwidth performance.
• since MLT-3 is not a self-synchronous line coding scheme,4B/5B
block coding is used to provide bit synchronization line coding
scheme,4B/5B block coding is used to provide bit synchorization
by preventing the occurrence of a long sequence of 0s and 1s.
• This creates a data rate of 125 Mbps,which is fed into MLT-3 for
encoding.
100BASE-FX

• 100Base-FX uses wo pairs of fiber optic cables.optic fiber

can easily handle high bandwidth requirements by using
simple encoding scheme.
• NRZ-1 has a bit synchronization problem for long
sequences of 0s.To overcome this problem,the designers
used 4B/5B block encoding as we described for 100Base-
TX.
• The blocks encoding increasing the bit rate from 100 to
125 Mbps,which can easily be handled by fiber optic cable.
100BASE-T4

• A 100Base-TX network can provide a data rate of

100Mbps, but it requires the use of category 5 UTP or STP
cable. A new standard called,100Base-T4,was designed to
use category 3 or higher UTP.
• The implementation uses four pairs of UTP for transmitting
100Mbps.Encoding/Decoding in 100Base-T4 is more
complicated.
3) Implementation
• Fast Ethernet implementation at the physical layer can be
categorized as either two-wire or four-wire.
• The two-wire implementation can be either category
5UTP(100Base-TX) or fiber optic cable (100 Base-FX).
• The four wire implementation is designed only for category
3UTP (100Base-T4).
Characteristics 100Base-TX 100Base-FX 100Base-T4

Media Cat 5 UTP OR STP Fiber Cat 4 UTP

Number of wires 2 2 4

Maximum length 100m 100m 100m

Block encoding 4B/5B 4B/5B

Line encoding MLT-3 NRZ-1 8B/6T

GIGABIT ETHERNET

• MAC Sublayer
• A main consideration in the evolution of Ethernet was to
keep the MAC sublayer untouched.To achieve a data rate
1Gbps, this was no longer possible.Ethernet has two
distinctive approaches for medium access: half-duplex and
full-duplex.Almost all implementations of Gigabit Ethernet
follow the full-duplex approach.
• Full-Duplex Mode
• In full duplex mode,there is a central switch connected to all
computers or other switches.I this mode,each switch has buffers for
each input port in which data are stored until they are
transmitted.There is no collision in this mode.This means that
CSMA/CD is not used.
• Half-Duplex Mode
• Gigabit Ethernet can also be used in half-duplex mode.In this
case, a switch can be replaced by a hub,which acts as the common
cable in which a collision might occur.The half-duplex approach uses
CSMA/CD.
PHYSICAL LAYER

• Topology
• Gigabit Ethernet is designed to connect two or more
stations.If there are only two stations,they can be
connected point-to-point.Three or more stations need to
be connected in a star topology with aa hub or a switch at
the center.Another possible configuration is to connect
several star topologies or let a star topology be part of
another.
IMPLEMENTATION

Characteristics 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T

Media Fiber short- Fiber long- STP Cat 5 UTP

wave wave

Number of wires 2 2 2 4

Maximum 550M 5000M 25M 100M

length

Block encoding 8B/10B 8B/10B 8B/10B

Line encoding NRZ NRZ NRZ 4D-PAM5

• Gigabit Ethernet can be categorized as either a two-wire or a four-wire
implementation.The two-wire implementations use fiber-optic cable(1000Base-
SX,short-wave, or 1000Base-LX,long-wave),or STP(1000Base-CX).The four-
wire version uses category 5 twisted-pair cable(1000Base-T).1000Base-T was
designed in response to those users who had already installed this wiring for other
purposes such as Fast Ethernet or telephone services.Gigabit Ethernet cannot use
the Manchester encoding scheme because it involves a a very high bandwidth (2
GBaud).The two wire implementations use an NRZ scheme,but NRZ does not self
synchronizeproperly.To synchronize bits, particularly at this high data rate ,8B/10B
block encoding.This block prevents long sequence of 0s or 1s in the streme,but the
resulting stream is 1.25 Gbps.In the four-wire implementation it is not possible to
have 2 wires for input and 2 for output,because each wire would need to carry
500Mbps,which exceeds the capacity for category 5 UTP.As a solution, 4D-PAM5
encoding.Thus, all four wires are involved in both input and output;each wire carries
250Mbps,which is in the range for category 5 UTP cable.
10 GIGABIT ETHERNET