REVIEW OF LITERATURE

by: Michelle L. Ventanilla

 Review of Related Literature
I. Related Literature and Related Studies
A. Definition of terms
II. Goals of Literature Review
III. Types of Review
IV. Functions of Related Literature
V. Characteristics of Review of Literature and
Studies
VI. Sources of Related Literatures
VII. Parts of the Review of Literature and Studies
IX. Content
X. Citing Related Literature and Studies
A. Ways of Citing
B. Style of Citing
C. Referencing System
D. What to Cite
E. Quoting a Material
XI. Style in Writing Related Literature and
Studies
XII. Common mistakes
 Review of Related Literature
• The review of related literature presents the general status of research done
in the discipline of the research problem. It contains related and pertinent
information, especially recent findings and knowledge gained, related to the
research problem.

A. Definition of terms

• Related literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to

which the present study is related

• Related studies are findings and conclusions resulting from previous

research investigations, inquiries, and surveys to which the present study is
related. It may be related to the present study in terms of expected results,
aim of the research, or theoretical framework
 Goals of Literature Review
• To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of
knowledge and establish credibility.
• To show the path of prior research and
how a current project is linked to it.
• To integrate and summarize what is known
in an area.
• To learn from others and stimulate new
ideas.
 Types of Reviews
• Self-study reviews
• Context reviews
• Historical reviews
• Theoretical reviews
• Integrative reviews
• Methodological reviews
 Functions of Related Literature
Reviewed literature and studies help
researcher in the following ways:
1. They help guide the researcher in
searching for or selecting a better
research problem or topic
2. They help the investigator understand his
topic
3. They ensure that there will be no
duplication of other studies
4. They help the researcher in locating more
sources of related information
5. They help the researcher in making his research design
especially in the following areas:
a. the formulation of specific questions to be researched
b. the formulation of assumptions and hypotheses
c. the formulation of conceptual framework
d. the selection and application of the methods of
research
e. the selection and application of sampling techniques
f. the selection and / or preparation and validation of
research instrument for gathering data
g. the selection and application of statistical procedures
h. the analysis, organization, presentation and
interpretation of data
i. the making of the summary of implications for the
whole study
j. the formulation of the summary of findings,
conclusions, and recommendations
6. They help the researcher in making comparisons between his
findings and the findings of other researcher
7. They help substantiate the researcher’s discussion of findings
and results

• Characteristics of the Review of Literature and

Studies

There are certain characteristics of related materials that make

them of true value. Among these characteristics are the following:

1. The surveyed material must be as recent as possible

2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study
4. Reviewed materials must not be too few or too many
• Look at the chart above and say the
COLOR of the word, not the word itself.
Why is it so difficult?

Look at the chart above, say the COLOR of the word, not the word itself.
Why is it difficult?
• Answer:
–Because the right half of your brain
is trying to say the color, while the
left side of your brain is trying to say
the word.
 Sources of Related Literatures
1. Books, encyclopedia, almanacs, and other
similar references
2. Articles published in professional journals,
magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other
publications
3. Speeches and lectures of experts in the
particular discipline
4. Letters, diaries, memoirs whose contents may
be relevant to the present study/ or were written
by people relevant to the field of discipline under
investigation
5. Videos, instructional voice tapes/cassettes,
specialized television and radio reports,
documentaries
6.Unpublished thesis and dissertations
7.The Constitutions, laws, codes
8.Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating
from government offices and departments
9. Interviews with the experts
10.The internet
11.Records of schools, public and private,
especially reports of their activities
12.Official reports of all kinds- educational,
social, economic, scientific, technological,
political, etc.
 Classification of information according to
the source

1. Primary sources: survey, interviews, and experiments

2. Secondary sources: finished products of firsthand

investigations,researches, and
dissertations

3. Tertiary sources: information complied from secondary

source materials such as textbooks
 Parts of the Review of Related Literature
and Studies

– Introduction
This briefly gives a background on what will
be presented in the review and how the researcher dealt
with the materials the researcher was able to collect.

– The Body of the Review

This consists of the related materials the
researcher was able to obtain.

– The Synthesis
This presents the highlights of the reviewed material
and shows how these are relevant to the present
research.
 Content
The review of related literature and studies must contain data in the form of
previous studies or related materials that:
• argue and substantially justify the rationale of the study
• prove or suggest potential significance or contribution of the study
• establish the uniqueness of the experimental method
• explain the background of the research area or object of the study
• logically explain the development of the problem and the hypotheses

• Example:

Tourism and the Ifugao Culture: An Analysis

Content of Review of Literature:

– Tourism
– Eco-Tourism
– Cultural Impact of Tourism
– Tourism Impact on Foreign Countries
– Banaue Rice Terraces
– Tourism Impact on Ifugao Culture
 Citing Related Literature and Studies

A. Ways of Citing

• 1. By author/writer and date

In this method, the ideas, facts and principles of different authors, although
they have the same meaning, are discussed separately

Example:

– According to San Miguel (2001), the language teachers use in the classrooms
helps from the limits of the student’s social concept…..

– The same is suggested by St. Pierre (2002) when she states that the classroom
has been a particularly fertile site for work toward……..
• 2. By topic

In this case, if different authors or writers have the same opinion about the
same topic, the topic is presented as a summary of their opinions. This is to
avoid separate and long discussions of the same topic.

Example:
Research in the 1970’s and 1980’s (Bem & Bem. 1988; Kid 1971.
Mackay & Fulkerson. 1979: Martyna. 1978; Pincus & Pincus, 1980.
Schneider & Hacker. 1973. Wilson & Ng, 1988) found evidence that
masculine generic nouns and pronouns were seldom interpreted in a
generic gender-neutral sense

• 3. Chronological

Related materials may also be cited chronologically, that is, according to the
year they were written. Materials that were written earlier should be cited
first before those which were written later. This can be done especially if the
citation is by author or writer.
B. Style of Citing

1. The entire related literature and studies chapter or heading may

be written by topic (with sub-headings) or as a continuous
presentation (without sub-headings).

2. A general statement at the beginning of the review of literature

can serve as a summative introduction

Example: Several studies have been conducted concerning the

consumption patterns of fruits and vegetables.

3. Presentation of identified research problem may be an effective

ending. This serves as a summative conclusion.

Example:
The preceding review shows inadequate knowledge on the cultural
practices of citrus. This study on the possible effects of some
cultural practices on the yield and fruit quality of calamansi, is
therefore, timely and relevant.
 C. Referencing System
• 1. Closed system
Example:

• There was a significant difference in the mean intakes of iodine-rich foods

fish, squid, agar-agar, and bagoong in different AES. Coastal area had the
highest intakes of these iodine-rich foods, while upland area had the lowest
intake of these foods (Encabo,2004).

• 2. Semi-open system
Example:
• Encabo (2004) revealed that upland area (0.72%)had the highest goiter
prevalence, followed by the lowland area (0.66%), then the coastal area
(0.53%).

• 3. Open system

• Example:
• In 2004, Encabo concluded in her study that goiter prevalence is related
with intake of iodine-rich and goitrogenic foods. Low iodine intake and high
goitrogenic intake were contributory factors to goiter prevalence.
 D. What to Cite
• Only the major findings, ideas, generalization, principles, or conclusions in
related materials relevant to the problem under investigation should be
discussed.

E. Quoting A Material

– Quoting a material is done when the idea is conveyed or written so exact, that
restatement would be impossible. Quoted material should be written in block quotation
if these appear in three typewritten lines. The block quotation should be presented
without quotation marks typed single-spaced and indented from the rest.

• Example 1:
Miriam Meyer (1999) asserts,

The instructor in the classroom serves as a primary audience and coach

for the writer and is the first institutional gatekeeper of acceptability.
 Style in Writing Related Literature and Studies
Variety must be kept in mind when citing related literature and studies.

• Example:

Calderon (2002) reports that thesis writing is more stressful to those with
average grades than to those with above average grades.

• The word reports may be substituted with any of the verbs below

Provides Affirms Asserts

Identifies States Expresses
Observes Point outs Deduces
Imparts Infers Stresses
Notes Advances Accentuates
Discusses Contends Mentions
Argues Claims Indicates
Says Suggests Hold outs
 To facilitate coherence, transitional expressions such as connective or conjunctions
may be used to show the relationship between ideas within paragraphs and
sentences. Examples are listed below.

• Addition: and, and then, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, in

addition to

• Contrast: but, yet, however, and 8yet, still, nevertheless,

notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand,
conversely

• Logical conclusion : so, therefore, thus, accordingly, consequently, as

a result, as a consequence, hence, thereupon, in
order that

• Comparison: in a like manner, similarly, correspondingly, likewise, in

the same way

• Illustration: for example, for instance, such as, namely, as follows

• Paraphrase or summary: in other words, that is, in short, to

conclude, to sum up, to summarize,
ultimately, in conclusion
 Common mistakes
 writings that may be very distantly associated to the present
study

Example:
Energy Management on Appliances’ Energy Consumption through
Web Interface Application

The review contain different appliances and its specifications.

 lack of coherence

• Ideas should be logically presented in the review of literature.

• Students tend to do “cut and paste” from the reference materials;

which may result to lack of continuity of ideas
 A Sample Review of Related Literature
• Energy Management on Appliances’ Energy
Consumption Through Web Interface
Application
Many methods are used to control devices using
wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi; provided that
the target devices have WLAN or Bluetooth
capabilities and that the target device is 30 feet to 50
feet from the microcontroller. One example is the
existing apparatus and method for controlling light
fixtures and electrical appliances of J. Yamada and
M. Lewis (2011), which uses a remote control
transmitter and a microcontroller to control the
electrical appliances described as:
(http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsese
ssionid, 17 November 2011)
• How many legs does this elephant have?
• A Sample Review of Literature

Title: An Assessment of the Cahbriba Alternative School

Grounds and Garden as Conducive Learning Settings

Several studies have been conducted on the effects

of improving school grounds on the learning and
development of children. Horticulturists and educators
alike have recognized the value of school grounds as a
teaching resource where science, geography, physical
education, arts and other subjects can be taught more
effectively.

(Establishes the importance of subject matter to be

studied. Statement of the general status of the research
based on previous similar and related studies)
 Francis (1994) notes his observation on the over-
structured nature of the environment in most public
schools in the US and concluded that schools are not
different from any prison yard. Lukas, in 1994, confirmed
this observation and reported that in schools in Britain,
mostly surrounded by chain-link fencings and with
inadequate seating, shelter or trees, are frequently flat
and featureless. He fur further added that this affects
psychological make-up of children and often leads to
accidents, breeds negative behaviors, and provides poor
motivation.

(Presents findings of previous researches as primary step

in justifying the rationale of the study. Presents empirical
data that establishes a “need”)
 There are actually huge social benefits when school
grounds are wll developed. Based on the experiment
study of Lamber in Ohio, there were significant positive
changes in children’s attitude and behavior when the
playground of the school was landscaped. The number
of accidents especially those caused by collision was
lessened, vandalism declined, and attitude while playing
was generally pleasant (27-35)

(Presents findings of other researches as secondary

step and further justifies the rationale of the study. This
time the author presents researches that show possible
benefits from the proposed study)
 The advantages of involving children in
school activities; particularly in gardening has
been significantly noted.
On the other hand, Lardner, recognizing that
some of the best learning takes place in the
garden, proposed gardens should be sources of
yearlong learning in a developmentally
appropriate kindergarten (5-81).

• (Continues and further supports previous

paragraph. This paragraph also identifies the
variables and considerations, which will be the
basis for evaluating Cahbriba school grounds)
 These studies show the importance of
improving school environment on the learning
process of children. However, no similar study
has been conducted in the Philippines. Thus, the
proposed study aims to pioneer and contribute
to the development of school grounds in the
country.

• (Finally, the problem and the rationale of the

study)
 The Cahbriba Alternative School is an
experimental school and a center of application
of alternative learning and teaching techniques
such as the multiple intelligence pedagogy and
the integrated, multi-level curriculum design. It
is an appropriate subject for evaluation not only
because its academic atmosphere is conducive
to innovative learning designs but also
because most classes there utilize school
grounds and garden in teaching and as areas
for interactive activities.

• (Brief justification on the selection of the school

to evaluate)
 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING
GOD BLESS!