PLANNING AND URBAN PLANNING

PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN

background
history of settlements
theories and practices in city planning
settlement planning in the Philippines
Kevin Lynch’s image of the city
Ian Bentley’s levels of responsive environments
urban form and function
urban models
urban design controls
emerging theories in urban design
site planning
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Ancient Times
Natural factors that affect the
development and growth of urban areas:

potential for natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano

eruptions, etc.)
presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other
natural resources
slope and terrain and other forms of natural defenses
climate
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Ancient Time
Innovations that influenced the development of
the earliest cities
- The plow and rectilinear farming.

- Circular and radiocentric planning

- for herding and eventually for defense
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
7000 – 9000 b.c.
Neolithic cities
- Jericho: early settlement in Israel -9000b.c.
- A well-organized community of about 3000 people
- Built around a reliable source of freshwater
- Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circular stone wall

- Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus - 5500 b.c

-First documented settlement
with streets
-The main street heading uphill
was narrow but had a wider terminal,
which may have been a social spot
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS

-Catalhoyuk: early settlement in Turkey (Asia Minor)

-Circa 7000 b.c.

-Largest neolithic city-

13 hectares; 10,000 people
-An intricately assembled
complex without streets
-Included shrines and quarters
for specialized crafts, production
of paintings, textile, metal, etc.

-Rested on a new rationale for the

city at that time- trade
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
2000 – 4000 b.c.
- Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris
and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia
- Eridu- acknowledged as the oldest city in the WORLD.
- Damascus- oldest continually inhabited city
- Babylon: the largest city with 200,000 inhabitants
ERIDU

DAMASCUS
 BABYLON
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
3000 b.c.
-Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley
- characterized by monumental architecture
-cities had monumental avenues, colossal temple
plazas and tombs cut from rock

-worker’s communities
were built in cells along
narrow roads
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
2500 b.c.
- Indus Valley (present day Pakistan)
-Cities of Mohenjo – Daro and Harrapa:
-administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants
-archeological evidence indicates an advanced civilization
lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and
sewage systems, etc.
1900 b.c.
-Yellow River Valley of China-
was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations
- Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley
800 b.c.
- Beijing- founded in approximately same location it’s in today
-present form originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
MOHENJO DARO -'Mound of the Dead Men'

YELLOW RIVER'
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
b.c. to a.d
- Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were built by
the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecs in rough rugged land.

- Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun were the largest cities

 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
700 b.c. Greek Classical Citi
- Greek cities spread through the Aegean Region –
westward to France and Spain
-“polis” : defined as a “city-state”. Most famous is the
Acropolis- a religious and defensive structure up on the
hills, with no definite geometrical plan
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
700 b.c.
- Sparta and Athens : the largest cities (100-150T)
- Neopolis and Paleopolis (new and old cities)
400 b.c.
-Hippodamus- the first noted urban planner. Introduced
the grid system and the Agora (public marketplace)

-Miletus
- 3 sections:
for artisans, farmers,
and the military
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Roman Classical Cit
-Roman Cities : adopted Greek forms but with different
scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy
- Roman Forums - Roman Aqueduct
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Romans as engineers- built aqueducts, public
baths, utility systems, fountains, etc.

- Developed housing variations and other spaces:

Basilica- covered markets; later, law courts
Curia- the local meeting hall; later, the capitol
Domus- traditional Roman house; with a central
atrium
Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts
- Romans incorporated public works and arts
into city designs
- Romans as conquerors- built forum after forum
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Medieval Age
- Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over
Europe where growth revolved around
- Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns

- Sienna and
Constantinople:
signified the
rise of the
Church

-Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and

sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS

- 11th century towns in Europe: Coastal port towns

- many of these coastal

towns grew from military
fortifications, but expansion
was limited to what the city
could support

- Mercantilist cities : continuous increase in size

- World trade and travel created major population
concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice
- Growth eventually led to congestion and slums
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Renaissance and Baroque pe
- 15th Century France: display of power
- Arts and architecture became a major element of
town planning and urban design
- Geometrical forms of cities were proposed

Palmanova
HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the
arts- the first “university town”

- Landscape architecture showcased palaces

and gardens

karlsruhe (Germany) Versailles (France)

 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Settlements in the Americ
1. Medieval Organic City - taken after the “boug”
(military town) and “fauborg” (citizen’s town) of
the medieval ages
2. Medieval Bastide - taken from the French bastide
(eventually referred to as “new towns”)
- came in the form of grids or radial plans
reflecting flexibility

3. The Spanish “Laws of the Indies” town - King

Philip II’s city guidelines that produced 3 types
of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio
(military), and the mission (religious)
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
4. The English Renaissance - “the European
Planned City” – ex. Savannah (designed
by James Oglethorpe), Charleston, Annapolis,
and Williamsburg (Col. Francis Nicholson)

- Today, Savannah is the world’s largest officially

recognized historical district
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS

Annapolis Williamsburg
– government bldgs were – plan was anchored by
focal points of the plan, the Governor’s palace,
though a civic square the state capitol, and
was also provided the College of William
and Mary
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
5. The Speculators Town - developments were
driven by speculation
- Philadelphia– designed by William Penn

- Built between the Delaware and Scool Kill

 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Industrial Revolutio
- The “Machine Age” - change from manpower
to assembly lines
- 2 schools of thought- the “reform movements”
and the “specialists”
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Industrial Revolution
- the reform movements:
- Robert Owens (New Lanark Mills,
Manchester, England)
-Designed for 800 to 1200 persons
-With agricultural, light industrial,
educational, and recreational facilities
- the “Owenite Communities”:
- New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr.
- Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of
New England Planners
- Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet
(eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out
Salt-lake City, Utah)
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Tony Garnier (Une Cite Industrielle )

Locational features
may have been a
precursor to modern
zoning

Ideas and theories

adopted by Dutch
Architect JJP Oud
in the design of
Rotterdam
THEORIES AND PRACTICES
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
The Garden Cities
- Ebenezer Howard – author of “Tomorrow:
A Peaceful Path To Social Reform”
- Garden City plans - cluster with a mother town
of 58,000 to 65,000 with smaller garden cities
of 30,000 to 32,000 each with permanent green
space separating the cities with the towns
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Garden City Association- established by
Howard in 1899

Letchworth:
first Garden City
designed by
Raymond Unwin
and Barry Parker
in 1902

-Consisted of
4,500 acres
(3000 for agriculture,
1500 for city proper)
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

-Welwyn, 1920
(by Louis de Soisson)

-brought formality and

Georgian taste

-Hampstead Garden Suburbs- meant only for housing but

with a variety of housing types lined along streets with
terminating axes on civic buildings in a large common green
THEORIES and PRACTICES
The City Beautiful Movement
-Influenced by the world fairs of
the late 19th century, like the 1891
Columbian Exposition, Chicago

-Emphasis was on grand formal

designs, with wide boulevards,
civic spaces, arts, etc.
-Daniel Burnham spearheaded
the movement with his design
for Chicago and his famous words:
“make no little plans…”
-Also credited for the designs of
San Francisco and Cleveland
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- Baron Hausmann- worked on the reconstruction
of Paris- linear connection between the place de
concord, arc de triomph, eiffel tower and others

Champs d’ Elysee
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Brasilia New Capitals
- capital of Brazil and a completely new twentieth-
century city
- Designed by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence
from Le Corbusier

-with two huge axes in the sign

of the cross, one for gov’t,
commerce, and entertainment,
the other for the residential
component

-Oscar Niemeyer was among

the architects employed to
design the buildings
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Chandigarh
- Capital of Punjab
province of India,
and the only
realized plan of
Le Corbusier

-Original Master Plan by Albert Myer

-A regular grid of major roads for rapid transport
surrounding residential superblocks or sections each
based on the rectangle and measuring 800x1200 meters
-The whole plan represents a large scale application of the
Radburn principle regularized by Le Corbusier’s
predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental.
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Canberra, Australia in 1901
- Canberra’s design taken from the principles of the
city beautiful movement

design reflected the

principles of the city beautiful
movement with a triangular
formation of three important
buildings:
the Court of Justice,
the Parliament House,
and the Capitol Building,
with each apex pointing
to another important
building or monument
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

New Delhi, India

- Designed by Sir Edward Lutyens
-based on the great east-west axis
of Kingsway, 1.5 miles long,
with the Government House on a
hilltop in the West end, and
the eastern counterpoint a large
hexagonal space reserved for
palaces of the native princes.

-covers 2650 hectares, yet growth

beyond a population of 57,000
was not contemplated as low
garden-city type density was
envisioned
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
The City of Towers
-Conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book
-“the Cities of Tomorrow”

-His first plan for high

density living was
Unite d’ Habitation,
in Marseilles

-A “super building
with 337 dwellings in
10 acres of land
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

-He also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high

rise offices and residential buildings with a greenbelt
for a population of 3,000,000 people

- New York City – present day city of towers along

with Houston, Chicago, Toronto
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- Broadacres Frank Lloyd Wright
FLW proposed that every family in the U.S.
live in one acre of land. Problems with lack of land
lead to his design of the…
- The Mile High Tower
Proposed to house a
significant amount of
Manhattan residents to
free up space for
greenfields
10 or more of these could
possibly replace all
Manhattan buildings
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Radical Ideas
- The Linear City-
proposed by
Spanish Engineer
Soria Y Mata

-Stalingrad
-N.A Milyutin,
1930
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Arcology Alternative– the 3D city by
Paolo Soleri
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

-Motopia
- Proposed by Edgar Chambless
- Vehicular traffic will be along
rooftops of a continuous
network of buildings, while
the streets will be for
pedestrian use only

-Science Cities
- Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary
urban designers that proposed underwater cities,
“biological” cities, cities in pyramids, etc.
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Floating City- Kiyonori Kikutake
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Barbican City– a 63 acre area. mixed used
development that was built in response to the
pressures of the automobile. An early type of
Planned Urban development that had all
amenities in one compound with multi-level
circulation patterns.
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Contemporary World Urbaniza
-“Millionaire” cities- large cities were the exception
prior to the twentieth century, but a few did exist in
antiquity.
- Leading World Cities in 900 a.d.:

city population
Baghdad (Iraq) 900,000
Changan (China) 500,000
Constantinople 300,000
(Turkey)
Kyoto (Japan) 200,000
Cordova (Spain) 200,000
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

-Large cities subsequently dwindled in the middle

ages.
-Millionaire cities generally did not emerge until the
20th century
-Leading World Cities in 1900

city population city population

London 6,480,000 Vienna 1,662,000
New York 4,242,000 Tokyo 1,497,000
Paris 3,330,000 Leningrad 1,439,000
Berlin 2,424,000 Philadelphia 1,418,000
Chicago 1,717,000 Manchester 1,255,000
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- Industrial Revolution- generated jobs,
increased productivity, and opened up mass
markets for goods.
- Factors that contributed to urban growth:
- Transportation innovations, specially
“farm to market” roads
- Improved infrastructure
- Iron and steel construction technology
- the electric elevator
- Improved medicine
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- “Megalopolis” – concept coined by Jean Gottmann
for urban complexes in the Northeastern United
States.

- The term means “Great City” in Greek. Today it is

used to refer to massive urban concentrations
created from strong physical linkages between
three or more large cities.
Boston – New York – Philadelphia – Washington (U.S.A.)
San Diego – Los Angeles – San Francisco (U.S.A.)
Dortmund – Essen – Duesseldorf (Germany)
The Hague – Rotterdam – Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Tokyo – Yokohama – Nagoya – Osaka – Kobe (Japan)
SETTLEMENT PLANNING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Pre-colonial Times

- Like other cities in the world the earliest Filipino

communities developed out of the need for their
inhabitants to band together.

- They were formed for security, or to be close to

critical resources like food and water. Most of
the earliest towns were by the coast for the
fisherfolk or were where there was abundant
agricultural land for the farmers.
- The community unit was the barangay, consisting
of 30 to 100 families.
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
The Spanish Colonial Times

Laws of the Indies

- In 1573, King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the
Indies that established uniform standards and
planning procedures for colonial settlements.
- These laws provided guidelines for site selection,
layout and dimensioning of streets and squares,
the location of civic and religious buildings,
open space, cultivation and pasturing lands,
and even the main procedural phases of
planning and construction.
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
- The Plaza Complex-
a result of several
ordinances of the
Laws of the Indies.
- The plaza is
surrounded by
important buildings
such as the:
Catholic church
Municipal or town hall
Marketplace and merchant’s
stores
Elementary school
The homes of the “principalia”
Other government buildings
Settlement Planning in the Phils.

Intramuros

- The walled city of Manila

- 1.2 sq. KM in area; perimeter is 3.4 KM
- home of the Spanish (except for the Friars & the
high ranking officials)
- decentralization occurred and settlements were
built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among
other areas
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
The American Period
The American Agenda
- guide urban growth and physical development
- put more emphasis on other values such as
sanitation, housing, and aesthetic improvements.
Daniel Burnham
- Architect / planner who designed Chicago, San
Francisco, and parts of Washington D.C.
Settlement Planning in the Phils.

Luneta

-Brought in to design Manila and the

“summer capital” of Baguio
 Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Burnham’s Design for Manila
- Designed with
grand avenues and
a strong central
civic core
- Included a civic
mall to house
national buildings
(only the Finance &
Agriculture buildings
were built)

- Fronted Manila Bay

like most Baroque
plans fronted a large body of water
Settlement Planning in the Phils.

Manila as the first chartered city

- On July 31, 1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of
Manila was incorporated
- Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of
Binondo, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco,
and Pandacan.
- The population then was 190,000 people
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
The Arrabales Growth of Manila
- Quiapo- the illustrado territory; the enclave of the
rich and powerful. Also the manifestation of folk
religiosity.
- Binondo- the trading port developed by the
Chinese and Arabs
- Sta. Cruz- the main commercial district with swirls
of shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc.
- San Nicolas- also a commercial town built by the
Spanish with streets of “specialized” categories
(i.e. ceramics, soap, etc.)
- Sampaloc- centered on two churches (Our Lady of
Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua). Also known
as the first “University Town”.
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Later Suburbs
- San Miguel (Malacañang)- where rest-houses
were built for the Spanish government
- Malate- the early “summer resort” of wealthy and
cultured Filipinos. Then became the first fishing
and salt-making town
- Ermita- early tourist belt (red-light district)
- Paco- first town built around a train station
- Pandacan- town built by the Americans for Oil
depots
 Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Further Suburbanizatio
Quezon City as the new capitol city
-In 1939, Commonwealth Act
No. 457, authorized the
transfer of the capitol to
an area of 1572 hectares
-A master plan of Quezon City
was completed in 1941 by
Architects Juan Arellano,
Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft,
and Eng. A.D. Williams

- “City beautiful” plan reflected the aspirations of an emerging

nation and the visions of a passionate leader
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Constitution Hill
-In 1946, a search committee was
formed to find a new site
-a 158 ha area in the Novaliches
watershed was selected and
called Constitution Hill and
National Government Center
-The three seats of government
were to form a triangle at the
center of the complex
-It included a 20 hectare civic space
referred to as the Plaza of
the Republic
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation
- Precursor of the National Housing Authority
- Built homes for the masses
(“the projects”, i.e. proj.4, proj. 6, etc.)

Philamlife Homes
- icon of middle class suburbanization
- Master Plan designed by Architect and Planner,
Carlos P. Arguelles, based on suburban
developments in California with modifications

BLISS (bagong lipunan sites and services)

- Walk-up developments for government sector
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Present Day Metro Manil
Population Land Area Density
City / Municipality
Metro Manila (yr 2000) (sq. km) (per sq. km)

Cities and City of Manila

Kalookan City
1,619,000
1,300,000
38.30
55.80
42271.54
23297.49
Municipalities
Las Pinas City 526,000 41.50 12674.7

population, Makati City 498,000 29.00 17172.41

Mandaluyong City 323,000 26.00 12423.08
area, and Marikina City 381,000 38.90 9794.344
density Muntinlupa City 527,000 46.70 11284.8
Paranaque City 458,000 38.30 11958.22
Pasay City 415,000 13.90 29856.12
Pasig City 518,000 31.00 16709.68
Quezon City 2,250,000 166.20 13537.91
Valenzuela City 528,000 47.00 11234.04
Malabon 414,000 23.4 17692.31
Navotas 266,000 8.90 29887.64
Pateros 55,000 2.10 26190.48
San Juan 111,000 4.50 24666.67
Taguig 497,000 33.70 14747.77
Total 10,686,000 645.2 16562.31
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Metro Manila Central Business Districts
- Manila CBD- this traditional CBD is a center of
business and commerce, has a population
nucleus, and seats the national government
- Makati CBD- a business, financial, commercial,
convention, and recreational center of the
Metropolitan Region covering an area of 979
hectares. Begun by the Ayala conglomerate in
1948.
- Ortigas CBD- another business, financial,
convention, shopping, and recreational node.
Developed by the Ortigas conglomerate in the
1950s, it’s present configuration fully developed
only in the late 80s. The area covers 600 hectares.
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
- Cubao CBD- developed in the 1960s by the
Araneta Family, Cubao was intended as an
alternative business center in the Eastern side of
the metropolis. This 37 hectare property now
reflects more of a bazaar economy, though plans
are now being developed to convert the area to a
more modern commercial and recreational center.
- Emerging CBDs
Fort Bonifacio Global City- 500 ha of prime land
Boulevard 2000- 1167 ha of reclaimed land to revive
Manila as a city of commerce and tourism
Filinvest Corporate City- joint venture of government
and private sector. Accessible to industrial estates
and technological parks
KEVIN LYNCH
Images of the City
Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
 Kevin Andrew Lynch
was an American urban planner and author. He is
known for his work on the perceptual form of
urban environments and was an early proponent
of mental mapping.

Image of the City

Lynch's most famous work, The Image of the City (1960), is the result of a
five-year study on how observers take in information of the city. Using three
American cities as examples (Boston, Jersey City and Los Angeles), Lynch
reported that users understood their surroundings in consistent and
predictable ways, forming mental maps with five elements.
Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
Paths

- Channels along which the observer moves

- Predominant element for many person’s image
- Other elements are arranged and related through
paths
- Strong paths are:
easily identifiable
have continuity and directional quality
are aligned with a larger system
- Spatial extremes highlight paths
Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
Edges

- Linear elements not used or considered as paths

- Lateral references, not coordinate axes
- May be barriers or seams
- Not as dominant as paths but are important
organizing features
- Strong edges are:
visually prominent
continuous
and impenetrable to cross movement
Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
Districts

- Medium to large sections of a city, conceived of as

two-dimensional
- Observer can mentally enter “inside of”
- Recognizable as having some common, identifying
character
- Dominance depends upon the individual and the
given district
Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
Nodes

- Points, strategic spots by which an observer can enter

- Intensive foci from which observer is traveling
- Junctions and Concentrations
- Directly related to the concept of paths and the
concept of districts
- May be thematic concentrations
Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
Landmarks

- Point references considered to be external to the

observer
- Physical elements that may vary widely in scale
- Unique and special in place of the continuities
used earlier
- Sequential series of landmarks as traveling guides
IAN BENTLEY
Responsive Environment
 Ian Bentley’s
Responsive Environment

IAN BENTLEY
Has practiced both as an architect and as
An urban planner in, Britain, Holland
and Middle East.
According to Ian Bently, An effective
urban layout can be seen to the
response of its environment

The designer could dictate the present and the future

environment of a certain place it designed. It could limit or
expand opportunities for the users. The progress of a certain
place depends on how the spaces designed and planned.
 Ian Bentley’s
Responsive Environment
With accords to Ian Bentley and others (1985), there are
seven design qualities that should be consider in designing a
space. The following are: permeability, variety, legibility,
robustness, visual appropriateness, richness and
personalisation. Each design qualities deal with
a specific issues and concern in an urban environment.

An effective design could come up with a responsive

environment, leading the people to opportunities and at the
same time giving them comfort to live in the place. An
unpleasant environment could be the sum of uncritically think
design that limits the users and causes
conflicts to the community.
Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
- Places must be accessible to Permeability
people to offer them choice
- Public and private access
must be complementary
- Physical and visual
permeability depends
on how the network of
public space divides the
environment into blocks
- There is a decline in public permeability because
of current design trends
Scale of development
Hierarchical layout
Segregation
Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
- Variety offers users a choice
of experiences
Variety
The design affects the range of uses
available to people: the quality we
shall call Variety

In macro analysis we always use the city

Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP);
the plan indicates the different zones in
the whole city. Architect use it as their
reference if their project suits with e
land use of the land to avoid conflict.
 Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
- Degree of choice depends
on how legible it is: how Legibility
layout is understood
Legibility is designing the massing of
the buildings, and the enclosure of
public space
Right blocking of buildings is very essential,
each building could affects one another that
is why it very important to locate correctly
without affecting the existing old ones.
There are factors that need to consider in
forming buildings: first identify the wind and
sun direction, tall building should place
besides low rise buildings because it could
block the sunlight and also the wind.
- Legibility is strengthened by Lynch’s physical
elements of the city
 Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
- Environments which can be
used for many different
Robustness
purposes

Robustness is designing the spatial

and constructional arrangement of
individual buildings and outdoor
places.

Robustness indicates the flexibility of a

certain place for future exchange of
use. This is more focus on individual
buildings and outdoor place
 Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
Visual Appropriateness
- Visual Appropriateness
focuses on details

The Visual Appropriateness is the

designing of the external image.

This quality focuses in the pattern of

building in the city. Each building
should have harmony to each other by
sharing some common characteristics.
 Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
- The variety of sense experiences Richness
that users can enjoy.
This quality is much detailed than
visual appropriateness. It indicates
what specific place in the area should
be highlighted, what kind of materials
should be used and how it will go to
achieve to give a sensible place for the
users.

Richness is focused on satisfying all

human senses in terms of structural.
How it will encourage people to visit
the area and how it will be productive.
Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
Personalization - allows people to achieve
an environment that bears the stamp of their own
tastes and values

The design quality allows the users to create a space for

their own choice but not exceeding the property line and
trespassing a rule and regulation.
Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts

- Users personalize as an affirmation of their own

tastes and values and because they perceive
existing image as inappropriate

- Personalization comes in two levels:

Private
Public

- Personalization is affected by three key factors:

Tenure
building type
technology
Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
Putting it all together…
permeability: designing the overall layout of routes
and development blocks
variety: locating uses on the site
legibility: designing the massing of the buildings and
the enclosure of public space
robustness: designing the spatial and constructional
arrangement of individual buildings and outdoor spaces
visual appropriateness: designing the external
image
richness: developing the design for sensory choice
personalization: making the design encourage
people to put their own mark on the places where they
live and work
URBAN FORMS
 Urban Forms
Topography Landform

Relationship with Nature

cities within nature cities and nature nature within cities

Urban Forms
Shape
radiocentric-
a large circle with radial
corridors of intense
development emanating from
the center
rectilinear-
usually with two corridors of
intense development crossing
the center; usually found in small
cities rather than in large
star-
radiocentric form with open
spaces between the outreaching
corridors of development
Urban Forms
ring-
a city built around a large open
space

linear-
usually the result of natural
topography which restricts growth;
may also be a transportation spine

branch-
a linear span with connecting arms
Urban Forms

sheet-
a vast urban area with little or no
articulation

articulated sheet-
a sheet accented by one or more
central clusters and several
subclusters
Urban Forms

constellation-
a series of nearly equal sized cities
in close proximity

satellite-
constellation of cities around a
main center
 Urban Forms
Size & Density
- physical extent – measured in KMs across, or
center to outskirts, or square KM
- density formulas- number of inhabitants with respect
to physical size; can be computed in several ways:
number of people per sq. KM or hectare
number of families per block (residential density)
number of houses per sq. KM or hectare
amount of building floor area per section
automobile population, Floor Area Ratio (FAR), etc.
 Urban Forms
Routes
- outlying routes

- approach routes
 Urban Forms
Urban Spaces

-Urban spaces- well-defined public streets; plazas,

parks, playgrounds, quadrangles, etc.
 Urban Forms
Architecture
- scale
- character/ theme
- grain/ texture
 Urban Forms
Details
- traffic signs, billboards, store
signs, etc.
- sidewalks, street furniture, urban landscaping,
pavers, etc.
- street vendors, traffic enforcers, entertainers, etc.
Inhabitants
- ethnic background, social
class, sex, etc.
- activities
 Urban Forms
- pedestrian Movement
- vehicular

- channelization
 Urban Function
City Functions
Economic
-A basic and continuing function. The city acts as
producers and marketplaces
-Locating cities at strategic points is important for
the exchange of goods

Defense and Protection

-Historic urban functions of the city, though quite
obsolete at present
-Cities were once built to withstand sieges from
migrating tribes, or frequent raids from enemies
 Urban Function

Worship and Government

-The prime function of the city throughout history
-Cities were built around temples, shrines, and
pyramids in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome
-The medieval cathedral was the center of the city, as
were renaissance palaces and castles

Transportation
-Greatly influences the location of cities since they are
dependent on geography
-New means of transportation have enabled people to
live in much larger more spread out cities
 Urban Function
Education and Culture
-Cities have always been the seat of academy and
scholarship and is a continuing function
-Due to the diversity of people, ideas, jobs, etc., the
city is seen as an educator.
-Ancient theaters, religious festivals, city beautification,
etc. is a reflection of cultural pride.

Housing
-The largest and simplest function of a city
-Through the years, housing functions of the inner city
have shifted to outlying areas
URBAN MODELS
 Urban Models
Concentric Zone Theory

- the geographer
E.W. Burgess
- includes transition
zone for eventual
CBD expansion
- has some
deficiencies but
simplicity has
stood the test
of time
 Urban Models

- the economist Sector Model

Homer Hoyt
- developed under the
premise that other
uses grow with
the CBD
- consistent with the
observation that
most cities grow
in the direction of
the higher income
 Urban Models
- by Chauncy Harris &
Edward Pullman Multiple Nuclei Model
(geographers)
- uses do not evolve
around a single core
but at several nodes
and focal points

- recognizes that different activities have varying

accessibility requirements
Urban Models
Urban Realms

- by James Vance
- presents the
emergence of
self-sufficient
sectors
- independent urban
realms brought
by the impact of
the automobile
URBAN DESIGN CONTROLS
 Urban Design Controls
Floor Area Ratio
-the proportions between the built area and the lot area

also referred to
as ‘Plot Ratio’

Floor Space Index (FSI)

-established by dividing the area of the total floor-space
of the buildings on any by the site area, including
half the area of any roads adjoining it
 Urban Design Controls
Land Use Planning and Zoning
- Defined as the legal regulation of the use of land
- Allocating types of uses based on growth patterns
- An application of the police power for the protection
of the public health, welfare, and safety

Incentive Zoning
- allowing builders and developers more space if they
provide certain desirable features and amenities
such as plazas, arcades, and other open spaces

Cluster Zoning
- Creating special zoning policies and regulations for
medium to large sized controlled developments
 Urban Design Controls
Urban Design
Guidelines
- building heights
- setbacks
- building bulk
- Architectural
character
 Urban Design Controls

Environmental Impact Statement

- for large projects developers are required to outline
possible effects of the project on the environment.
The outline includes the following:

Description of the project

Description of existing environments (physical, social,
economic, historical, and aesthetic)
Impact on the environment (conditions evaluated)
Adverse environmental effects
Alternatives to proposed action taken
Long range impacts
Irreversible and irretrievable communities of resources
likely to result from implementation of proposed project
 Urban Design Controls
Environmental Preservation
- protecting the environment from urban growth by
restricting development in certain areas, especially
in sensitive areas such as wetlands, coastal areas,
and mountain environments
Conservation, Restoration & Adaptive Reuse
- Conservation- a term used interchangeably with
preservation but having the rather more positive
connotation of adaptation of parts of buildings
while retaining the essential spirit of the original
conservation area—an area containing a group of buildings
of special architectural or historical significance, which a
Local Authority may designate.
 Urban Design Controls
- Urban Renewal- a general term to describe the
idea of consciously renewing the outworn areas
of towns and cities; covers most aspects of
renewal, including both redevelopment and
rehabilitation

“The process of cleaning slum areas which are

economically & physically beyond repair,
rehabilitation areas where houses & neighborhood
facilities can be restored to come up to health,
safety, & good living standards, & protective
measures in order to prevent enrichment of
undesirable influences”
 Urban Design Controls

- Adaptive Reuse- converting old, usually historic

buildings, sections of, or entire districts to new
uses other than their original purpose. In many
U.S. cities adaptive reuse is encouraged by
special tax incentives

- Rehabilitation- term used to describe the idea of

repairing, redecorating and in some cases
converting, existing structurally sound property
to a standard compatible with modern
requirements of amenity and health
 Urban Planning Terms
-Invasion- a type of urban ecological process defined
as the entrance of a new population and / or
facilities in an already occupied area

-Block-boosting- “forcing” the old population out of

the area because of social or racial differences

-Centralization- an urban ecological process in city

land use patterning referring to an increase in
population at a certain geographic center

- Gentrification- improving the physical set-up and

consequently affecting the market for previously
run-down areas
EMERGING THEORIES
 Emerging Theories
Planned Unit Developments
- sometimes referred to as cluster zoning

- used in areas that are being intensively developed

for the first time
- ordinary zoning regulations can be suspended for
this particular property

- usually consists of a variety of uses, anchored

by commercial establishments and supported
by office and residential space
Transit Oriented Developments
Transit Oriented Developments
- a mixed use community with an average 670 meter
distance of a transit stop and commercial core area.
TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and
public uses in a walkable environment, making it
convenient for residents and employees to travel by
transit, bicycle, foot, or car.
• Most TODs place residents
within 600 to 700m of
transit stations.

• This is equivalent to an
average walking time of
about 5 minutes.
 Transit Oriented Developments

• With TOD, the city

and the transit system
“meet in the middle”
• Allows residents to
have easy access to
transit stations,
lessening dependence
on the automobile.
• Boosts transit
ridership and revenue
 Transit Oriented developments
- Urban TOD- are located directly on the trunk line
transit network: at light rail, heavy rail, or express
bus stops. They should be developed with high
commercial intensities, job clusters, and
moderate to high residential densities
 Transit Oriented Developments
- Neighborhood TOD- on a local or feeder bus line
within 10 minutes transit travel time (no more
than 3 miles) from a trunk line transit stop.
They should place an emphasis on moderate
density residential, service, retail, entertainment,
civic, and recreational uses.
Transit Oriented Developments

• Street and Circulation System

• The local street system should be recognizable

and interconnected, converging to transit stops,
core commercial areas or open spaces
• Streets must be pedestrian friendly
 Emerging Theories

Distribution of TODs-
TODs should be located to
maximize access to core
commercial areas without relying
solely on arterials. TODs with
major competing retail centers
should be spaced a minimum
of 1 mile apart and should be
distributed to serve different
neighborhoods. When located on
fixed rail transit systems, they
should be located to allow
efficient station spacing
 Emerging Theories
Traditional Neighborhoo
- Developments that take
the form of traditional
neighborhoods, while
still accommodating
the automobile and
other modern amenities.
- These are finely
integrated, walkable
communities with a
strong local identity
and with convivial
public places
- The ideas of TNDs are
further illustrated in
“New Urbanism”
NEW URBANISM
 New Urbanism

Sprawl Background of New Urbanism

- Suburban Sprawl brought about by:

the automobile
development conspiracies
the “American Dream”
New Urbanism

• Sprawl-
Creates landscapes
dominated by
parking lots and
undefined edges,
aesthetically
unpleasing
characteristics of
the urban fabric
 New Urbanism

-Some suburban centers have roads and parking

lots taking up close to 80% of the land area
 New Urbanism
the Congress for New Urbanism (CNU)

- founders- Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,

Peter Calthorpe, Peter Katz, Daniel Solomon,
among others
 New Urbanism
( Region, City, Neighborhood,
Hierarchy of Spaces
District, Block, Street )
The Region
- urbanism, defined by its
diversity, pedestrian
scale, public space &
structure of bounded
neighborhoods,
should be applied
throughout a
metropolitan region
regardless of location.
- The entire region should
be designed according
to similar urban principles.
 New Urbanism
The neighborhood, the district, & the corridor
- these three are the fundamental organizing elements
of New Urbanism

neighborhoods are urbanized areas with a balanced

mix of human activity

districts are areas

dominated by a single activity

corridors are connectors

and separators of
neighborhoods and districts
 New Urbanism
The street, the block, and the building-
- the form of New Urbanism is realized by the deliberate
assembly of streets, blocks, and buildings

streets are not the dividing lines within a city, but are to
be communal rooms and passages
blocks are the field on which unfolds both the building
fabric and the public realm of the city
buildings are the smallest increment of growth in the
city. Their proper configuration and placement relative to
each other determines the character of each settlement
 New Urbanism
The Context of New Urbanism
- The neighborhood has a discernible center or a
focal point

- Most of the dwellings are within a five-minute walk

of the center, an average of roughly 600 to 700
meters (2,000 feet)
 New Urbanism

- There is a variety of dwelling types

- There are mixed uses

- Streets within the neighborhood are a connected

network, preferably a grid pattern, which
disperses traffic by providing a variety of
pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination
 New Urbanism
- There are small playgrounds near every dwelling –
not more than 200 meters away.
 New Urbanism
-An elementary school is close enough so that most
children can walk from their home.
- The streets and sidewalks are covered with rows of
trees and other landscaping elements that provide
shade to pedestrians and an overall pleasant environment
- Parallel parking will also be allowed along the streets,
with trees in between each designated space
 New Urbanism
- Sidewalks are wide, at
least 3.0 meters, and
will be free from
dangerous obstructions
except for landscaping
elements and street
furniture that will invite
pedestrians to sit.
- Storefronts are also built
close to the sidewalk,
with wide window
openings and visible
entrances that are
inviting to the pedestrian
 New Urbanism
-Buildings in the neighborhood center are placed close
to the street, creating a well-defined “outdoor room”.

- Prominent sites at the termination of street vistas or in

the neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings.
New Urbanism

- Parking lots and garage doors rarely front the street.

Parking is relegated to underground, to multi-level
structures, or to the rear of buildings, usually
accessed by alleys.
New Urbanism

- In areas with bodies of water of significant size,

buildings will be built facing the water, rather than
having the water in its backyard
 New Urbanism
- The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing.
A formal association debates and decides matters
of maintenance, security and physical change

New Urbanism Strategies

Redevelopment
 New Urbanism
Infill
 New Urbanism
New Towns
FINISH NA
MIDTERM NA!!!