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CLIMATE

CLIMATE AND WEATHER


Weather refers to the state of the
atmosphere over an area for a short
period of time. The elements of weather
are temperature, precipitation, humidity
and atmospheric pressure.

Climate refers to the average weather


condition and variations over a large area
for a long period of time (more than 30
years).
CLIMATIC ZONES
• The diversified terrain has divided Pakistan’s climate
into 4 major regions.
• Highland Climate
• Lowland Climate
• Coastal Climate
• Arid Climate
CLIMATIC ZONES OF PAKISTAN
1. HIGHLAND ZONE:
Region: northern, north western and western highlands.
Areas: Chitral, Murree, Muzzafarabad, Quetta, Kalat, Parachinar, Waziristan
Climate: the winters are long, cold and snowy and summers remain short and
mild.
Rainfall is normally associated with altitude. Rainfall in northern mountain is
highest in the highland zone. Rainfall in the western mountain is less.
 The temperature conditions also vary from north to west depending on the
altitude.
Arid zone
Regions: south-eastern desert, and south-western Balochistan
Areas: Kharan Desert south-western Balochistan, south-eastern
desert.
Climate: It is markedly dry and hot. Hot dusty winds prevail
continuously from mid –May to mid-September,
 Rainfall takes place during winter season in south-western
Balochistan, in south eastern desert monsoons bring little rainfall.
Extreme heat, dust storms are the main features of this arid climate.
Winters are cool-mild because of low angle of sun, summers are hot
because of high angle of sun. Summers are very hot during the day.
• Lowland zone – semi arid to arid
• Region: Indus plain except the coastal areas.
• Areas: Islamabad, Sialkot, Sargodha, Multan, Jacobabad, and Sukkur
• Climate: It has arid and extreme climate with hot summers, cool winters
and Summer monsoon rainfall.
• Thunderstorms are also common in north and north-west of the Indus
plain. The upper Indus plain and lower Indus plain there’s Less rainfall and
spells of very high temperature.
• Winters are cool-mild because of low angle of sun and continental effect
and summers are hot due to high angle of sun and continental effect.
• COASTAL ZONE
Region: Indus delta, Karachi and Makran coast
Areas: Karachi, Jiwani, Pasni, Ormara and Gwadar
Climate: The climate is dominated by sea breezes throughout the year; the maritime
influence keeps the daily temperature low. The temperature on land and sea Is different;
land and water absorb the sun’s heat and also radiate It. In summer the land heats up,
while ocean remains cool. In winter the land Loses heat quickly and becomes cold while
ocean remains hot.
The humidity level is usually high, more than 50% from April to September.
Means monthly temperature is 32۫c and May, June and October are the hottest month.
During October the climate is dominated by dry winds from south-eastern
desert. Rainfall is scanty; the rainfall is experienced during monsoon season.
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
• There are four main climatic elements, responsible for regional and
seasonal variations in climate of Pakistan.
• Temperature
• Rainfall
• Pressure
• Winds
TEMPERATURE
• Diversity of temperature in various
regions of Pakistan is due to the
following factors.
• Large spread of latitude from 24° N to
37 ° N.
• Diversity of relief ranging from the very
high mountains e., K.2 to low lying
coasts of Makran..
FACTORS AFFECTING TEMPERATURE OF PAKISTAN
1.LATITUDINAL EFFECT:
(DISTANCE FROM THE EQUATOR)
• The areas closer to the Equator
receiver direct rays of the sun
resulting in high temperature.

• Southern Pakistan is closer to the


equator than northern Pakistan.
2.CONTINENTAL EFFECT: (DISTANCE FROM THE SEA)
• The areas that are away from the sea are unaffected by
Maritime influence, they are more hot as compared to areas
near the sea.

• This is why extreme winter and summer temperatures are


recorded in the interior of large landmasses away from the
moderating influence of sea.
3.ALTITUDE AND TEMPERATURE:
The higher the altitude, the cooler
would be the temperature.
There is an average drop of 6.5
degree centigrade in temperature for
each 1000metre increase in altitude.
The air is densest at se level because
that is where it absorbs most water
vapors, dust particles etc.
4.CLOUD COVER AND TEMPERATURE:
In daytime cloud cover reduces the amount of heat by reflecting back
to the space but in night time it traps the outgoing heat and because of
this the cloudy nights are warmer.

5.LATITUDE AND ANGLE OF SUN:


During summer’ the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun and the
northern areas of Pakistan absorb more heat because of high angle of sun.
During winter the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun and the
northern areas faces sun for shorter duration.
RAINFALL
• The quantity of water expressed
in inches/millimeters,
precipitated as rain, snow, hail
stone or sleet in a specified area
and time interval.

• The rainfall in Pakistan is


highest in northern areas
decreases towards south.
SOURCES OF RAINFALL IN PAKISTAN
• RELIEF RAINFALL
• CONVECTIONAL CURRENT CAUSING THUNDER STORMS
• MONSOON WINDS
• WESTERN DEPRESSIONS
• TROPICAL CYCLONES
RELIEF RAINFALL
• Relief rainfall is related to
the height of land. It occurs
where unstable moist air
moves up a mountain edge
and is chilled, heavy
condensation takes place and
rainfall occurs.
• Relief rainfall is
experienced in most of
the high altitude areas of
Pakistan except for the
rain shadow Areas like
Gilgit where annual
rainfall is not more than
125mm.
CONVECTIONAL CURRENTS CAUSING THUNDER STORMS
• Hot air rises during summer and when
it reaches the high layer of
atmosphere, condensation takes place
which causes rainfall often as
thunderstorms.
• Only Northern and North-western
areas of Pakistan receive rainfall from
Convectional currents.
Why No Convectional rainfall in
Karachi?

• Southern Pakistan is deprived of convectional rainfall


due to a temperature inversion layer.

Because of temperature inversion Karachi and


adjoining areas do not receive convectional rainfall
despite of temperatures above 40 degree centigrade
in May/June and October.
MONSOON WINDS
• Summer or south-west monsoon winds
• Winds rise in Bay of Bengal.
• Blow South-Westward, strike the Himalayas, crossing Bangladesh and Northern India.
• The tail end enters Pakistan.
• Get condensed due to cold mountainous regions.
• Cause heavy rainfall in July and August in Northern Punjab(Upper Indus plain)
• Monsoon winds from Arabian sea-weak and limited effect.
• Sometimes an over active Monsoon s system brings heavy rainfall in Karachi and other
coastal areas.
JULY
RAINFALL
• Winter or north-east monsoon winds
• Blow from land towards sea.
• Blow from high-pressure area created over “Tropic of Cancer”
to low-pressure area “Indian ocean”.
• Mostly dry winds with no or less rainfall as they are originated
over dry area.
WESTERN DEPRESSIONS
• Rise in Mediterranean sea and travel
across Afghanistan and Iran.
• Causes rainfall in western Pakistan from
December to March.
• Peshawar, Dir, Chitral, Quetta and most of
the parts of Balochistan.
• More in North- western parts and less in
South western as by the time these
TROPICAL CYCLONES
• Tropical cyclones bring heavy
rainfall for few hours and can
cause a lot of destruction.
• They originate in Arabian sea
quite often but rarely reach the
coast of Pakistan.
• Therefore, this source of
rainfall is totally unreliable.
SOURCES OF RAINFALL
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
Highlands

Arid zone
Effects of
Climate Lowland
zone
• Hot summers and cool winters
• Most productive agricultural
Coastal zone region
• Well-developed agricultural
• Mild Climate with low average precipitation irrigation
• Farming throughout the year • Moderate rainfall
• Economical activities by means of seaports, road and rail transport
links and airways
• All type of industries(cottage, small-scale and large scale)
• Tropical cyclones in summers caused damage to infrastructure and
fishing communities
HOW TO REDUCE FLOOD RISK
DROUGHTS

• A drought is a period extending over


several months or years when a
region suffers a deficiency in its
water supply.
• This occurs when a region receives
below than average precipitation over
a period of time.
DROUGHTS IN PAKISTAN

• Lack of rainfall
• Severe shortage of water
• Crop destruction
• Famine/Malnutrition
• Diseases
• Death on massive scale
TYPES OF DROUGHT IN PAKISTAN
CAUSES OF DROUGHT IN PAKISTAN

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