of

PHILOSOPHY
Zoren Matthew L. Blardony
FIVE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Metaphysics
Study of Existence

Aesthetics
Aesthetics Ethics
Study
Studyof
ofArt
Art Study of Action

Epistemology
Epistemology
Logic
Study
Studyof
of
The Study of Rules
Knowledge
Knowledge
Questions
•Do I really exist
•Why am I here
•What is my purpose
•Do human beings have a soul
•Does the world exist outside
the mind
•Is there a God
METAPHYSICS
METAPHYSICS
-----------------------------------

literally, “after or beyond Physical,”

the study of “ultimate reality” or how
things really are.
METAPHYSICS
-----------------------------------

Metaphysics is the foundation of

Philosophy. Aristotle calls it “first philosophy”
(or sometimes just “wisdom”), and says it is
the subject that deals with
"first causes and the principles of things".
METAPHYSICS
-----------------------------------
First cause or highest principle:
basic, foundational, self-evident proposition or
assumption that cannot be deduced from any other
proposition or assumption.
Three parts of Metaphysics
ONTOLOGY
Study of being and existence

NATURAL THEOLOGY
Study of God, Religion, Creation, etc.

UNIVERSAL SCIENCE
Study of the first principle of logic and reasoning
Questions
•What is knowledge
•What do people know
•What should we know
•What makes justified beliefs
justified
•How is knowledge acquired
EPISTEMOLOGY
EPISTEMOLOGY
----------------------------------------

the study of knowledge or how to

tell when we really know something.
Three conditions that justified a
belief

TRUTH
BELIEF
JUSTIFICATION
Questions
•Is this right
•Is this wrong
•How should people act
•What does ‘right’ even mean
•What is moral
ETHICS
ETHICS
-------------------

(Moral Philosophy)
the study of moral problem, right
and wrong, and practical reasoning.
Cynicism- living a simple life is better
Hedonism- maximizing pleasure and
minimizing pain
Epictetus- (Stoic Philosopher)
contentment, serenity and peace of
mind should be our way of life.
Questions
•What is beauty
•What are the standard of
beauty
•What is a work of art
•Can art be a vehicle of truth
•Is there a connection between
art and morality
AESTHETIC
-----------------------------

The branch of philosophy

concerned with the nature and
appreciation of art, beauty and good
taste. It has also been defined as
“critical reflection on art, culture and
nature”.
In very general terms, it examines what
makes something beautiful, sublime,
disgusting, fun, cute, silly, entertaining,
pretentious, discordant, harmonious,
boring, humorous, or tragic.
According to Immanuel Kant, beauty
is objective and universal (i.e. certain
things are beautiful to everyone). But there
is a second concept involved in a viewer's
interpretation of beauty, that of taste,
which is subjective and varies according
to class, cultural
background and education.
Questions
•What is correct reasoning
•What is valid argument
•What is fallacy
•What makes an argument
invalid
LOGIC
 Gold Rings
You want to stay at an inn for seven nights. It costs one
gold ring per night. You have exactly seven gold rings, so you
show them to the innkeeper. However, your rings are all chained
to each other in a straight line (not a circular chain). You want to
pay the innkeeper the whole chain to stay for seven nights, but
he doesn’t want to be in debt to you. Then, you tell the
innkeeper that you will pay the whole bill on the last day, but the
innkeeper says that he doesn’t want you to owe him either. You
decide to cut all rings to pay him one per night, but the
innkeeper doesn’t want cut rings. You think hard on how to pay
him because you really need to stay at that inn. The innkeeper
says, “okay fine, I will accept one cut ring, but just one. All the
others must be full gold rings.” How can you pay the innkeeper,
satisfying all his wants?
LOGIC
----------------

Logic (from the Greek "logos", which

has a variety of meanings including word,
thought, idea, argument, account, reason
or principle) is the study of reasoning, or
the study of the principles and criteria
of valid inference and demonstration. It
attempts to distinguish good
reasoning from bad reasoning.
LOGIC
----------------

Logical systems should have three

things: consistency (which means that none of the
theorems of the system contradict one
another); soundness (which means that the system's
rules of proof will never allow a false inference from a
true premise); and completeness (which means that
there are no true sentences in the system that cannot,
at least in principle, be proved in the system).
• Why am I here?
• What is beauty?
• What is the origin of the universe?
• Am I really existing?
• Is she beautiful?
• Did I treat her right?
• Should I obey the law?
• Do I have a basis for this?
• Do I have a valid argument?