ENERGY

CONSERVATION
IN
EUKARYOTIC CELL
 Law of Conservation of Energy
 The Law of Conservation of
Energy states that energy cannot
be created or destroyed, just
transformed from one form to
another.
 These forms can include kinetic
and potential energy as well as
light, heat and sound.
 Sun is the main source of
energy on earth.

 How do organisms get

energy from the sun?
 Do all organisms can get the
energy from the sun?
 ENERGY FLOW
1. Photosynthesis – is the synthesis of
carbohydrate from sunlight, water,
and CO2 by plants through
chlorophyll.
2. Cellular Respiration - is the process
of oxidizing food molecules, like
glucose, to produce carbon dioxide
and water.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis
means "putting together with light."

Plants use sunlight to turn water

and carbon dioxide into glucose.
Glucose is a kind of sugar.
Plants use glucose as food for
energy and as a building block for
growing.
Autotrophs make glucose and
heterotrophs are consumers of it.
 THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are
Why do some plants
some bacteria and protists
– Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
appear green?
photosynthesis
– Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the form
of chemical bonds

(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria

(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
 Why do some plants appear green?
 Green plants are green because they
contain a pigment called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll absorbs certain wavelengths of
light within the visible light spectrum. As
shown in detail in the absorption spectra,
chlorophyll absorbs light in the red (long
wavelength) and the blue (short
wavelength) regions of the visible light
spectrum. Green light is not absorbed but
reflected, making the plant appear green.
STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
 Proteins (50% - 60%)
 Lipids (20% - 30%)
 Chlorophylls (5% - 10%)
 Carotenoids (1% - 2%)
 RNA (2% - 3%)
 DNA (.5%)
 Quinones, Vitamin K, Vitamin E,
(traces)
 Fe, Mg, P, Co, Cl, Cu, (traces)
Chloroplast Pigments
 Chloroplasts contain several pigments

– Chlorophyll a
– Chlorophyll b
– Carotenoids

Figure 7.7
Chlorophyll a & b
•Chl a has a methyl
group (-CH3)

•Chl b has a carbonyl

group ( )

Porphyrin ring
delocalized e-

Phytol tail
Different pigments absorb light
differently
 Loss of energy due to heat causes
Excitation of chlorophyll in the photons of light to be less
a chloroplast energetic.
Less energy translates into longer
wavelength.
e Excited
2 state Energy = (Planck’s constant) x
(velocity of light)/(wavelength of light)
Transition toward the red end of the
visible spectrum.

Chlorophyll
molecule

(a) Absorption of a photon

(b) fluorescence of isolated chlorophyll in solution

 Photosynthesis

sunlight
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
absorbed by chlorophyll

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

As can be seen from the equation for photosynthesis, the

wood, bark, and root came from water and carbon
dioxide.
Sites of Photosynthesis
 Light Dependent Reaction
electron transfer
light energy chain light energy electron transfer chain
(Photons) (Photons)

oxygen
(diffuses away)

Fig. 6.8b, p.99

Reactants for light dependent
Reaction

sunlight
NADP+
ADP
phosphate
water
Products of Light-Dependent
Reactions

 Typically, sunlight energy

drives the formation of ATP
and NADPH

 Oxygen is released from the

chloroplast (and the cell)
 ATP Formation

 In both pathways, electron flow through

electron transfer chains causes H+ to
accumulate in the thylakoid compartment
 A hydrogen ion gradient builds up across the thylakoid
membrane

 H+ flows back across the membrane through

ATP synthases
 Results in formation of ATP in the stroma
Light Independent Reactions:
The Sugar Factory
 Light-independent reactions proceed
in the stroma

 Carbon fixation: Enzyme rubisco

attaches carbon from CO2 to RuBP to
start the Calvin–Benson cycle
 Calvin–Benson Cycle
 Cyclic pathway makes phosphorylated
glucose
 Uses energy from ATP, carbon and oxygen from CO2, and
hydrogen and electrons from NADPH

 Reactions use glucose to form photosynthetic

products (sucrose, starch, cellulose)

 Six turns of Calvin–Benson cycle fix six

carbons required to build a glucose molecule
from CO2
Light-Independent Reactions
Reactants for Light-
Independent Reaction
 -CO2
-materials made in light reactions like NADPH
and ATP
 -enzymes like Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase),
phosphoglycerate kinase, Glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate, Triose phosphate isomerase,
Aldolase and Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase etc
-Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) a
5 carbon sugar which must be recycled
Products of Light-Independent
reaction

 glucose
 ADP
 NADP+
Adaptations:
Different Carbon-Fixing
Pathways
 Environments differ
 Plants have different details of sugar production in
light-independent reactions

 On dry days, plants conserve water by closing

their stomata
 O2 from photosynthesis cannot escape
How are cycles dependent on
another?
 Light-dependent reactions use
light to create ATP and
NADPH/Reduced NADP Which is
used on the Calvin cycle so of it is
not present the cycle cannot
continue.
Reported by: JOHNNY T. TINAMBACAN